PEWARISAN SIFAT (HUKUM MENDEL I DAN II)

MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Mendel mempelajari pada kacang kapri (Pisum sativum) terutama pada variasi bentuk dan warna ditandai dengan hubungan dominan-resesif. Mendel mempelajari sifat-sifat tanaman yang dikendalikan gen pada kromosom berbeda. Mendel mempelajari pada tanaman menyerbuk sendiri (self pollination).

Hasil Percobaan Mendel pada satu sifat mengarah pd Dominan Sempurna

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fenotip parental Round x wrikled seeds Yellow x green seeds Purple x white petals F1 All round All Yellow All Purple

F2
2.96 : 1 3.01 : 1 3.15 : 1 2.95 : 1 2.82 : 1 3.14 : 1 2.84 : 1

Inflated x pinched pods All inflated Green x Yellow pods Axial x terminal flowers Long x short stems All green All Axial All long

LAWS OF INHERITANCE
Law of Segregation Law of independent assortment

1. LAW OF SEGREGATION
The Law of Segregation at the time of gamete formation, members of a pair of unit characters segregate (separate) from one another and move into different gametes Thus parents like this Tt and Tt make these gametes

T t

CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF SEGREGATION

Segregation occurs in meiosis at MI and then at MII As a result, the ova or sperm contribute different homologous chromosomes to the progeny

Ova or sperm

2. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

This law states that at the time of reproduction the members of two or more pairs of unit characters follow the law of segregation independently of each other and assort themselves at random into the gametes

MEIOSIS MECHANISMS PRODUCE INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Meiosis I provides the independent assortment of chromosomes and genes into the gametes. The homologs are arranged at random at the equatorial plane in Metaphase I This results in four different possible combinations of chromosomes and genes in the gametes, in a 1:1:1:1 ratio:

DOING THE CROSS

Using these laws we can see how Mendel got the 3 tall to 1 short ratio (3:1) among the Tt X Tt parents peas:

t Tt

T t gametes tt offspring

TT Tt

MONOHYBRID CROSS (CROSS WITH ONLY 1 TRAIT)

DIHYBRID CROSSES
Dihybrid crosses are made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed. Process is very similar to monohybrid crosses.

Dihybrid cross - phenotypes

1.Which traits are dominant? 2. Did the phenotypes of the P1 generation affect the F1 or F2 generations?

Analysis of dihybrid cross phenotypes (forked-line/probability method)

Trait 1

Trait 2

Combined traits

Dihybrid Cross: P1 cross

Since yellow and round are dominant, Let G = yellow, g = green, W = round, w = wrinkled.

Confirm on your own using a Punnett square!

Dihybrid Cross: F1 cross

Dihybrid Cross: Summary

9 3 3 1

Dihybrid Testcross:
How to determine the genotype of an individual with 2 traits of dominant phenotype

All yellow

Mixed

All Round

Dihybrid Testcross:
How to determine the genotype of an individual with 2 traits of dominant phenotype

All yellow

Mixed

All Round

A TEST CROSS
What if you only know that you have a black and a brown guinea pig (i.e. you dont know the genotype)? Do a test cross Cross with a known truebreeding recessive brown guinea pig Uji silang digunakan untuk mengetahui genotipe yang disilangkan

BACKCROSS
Backcross atau silang balik adalah persilangan antara keturunan pertama dengan salah satu tetua (parents), Tujuannya untuk memindahkan gen atau sifat tertentu dari salah satu tetua. Tetua yang memberikan sifat tersebut dinamakan tetua donor

BACKCROSS (Silang balik)

P AA aa BC BC F1 F1 Aa aa : penerima AA : tetua donor aa : tetua donor AA : penerima Aa X P AA X aa

Pada silang balik, ada tetua donor dan penerima

BACKCROSS

CIPROCAL CROSSES (Persilangan Resipr

P hh X HH kuning hijau F1 F2 Hh (hijau) F1 1 HH (hijau) 2Hh (hijau) 1hh (kuning) F2 Hh (hijau) 1 HH (hijau) 2Hh (hijau) 1hh (kuning) P HH hijau kuning X hh

Hasil tidak berbeda Arti : Gen pengendali warna ada di dalam inti

RUMUSAN UMUM UNTUK JUMLAH GAMET DAN TURUNAN DARI n PASANGAN GEN HETEROZIGOT
Jumlah pasangan gen heterozigot Jumlah genotipe gamet Jumlah fenotipe turunan Jumlah genotipe turunan Jumlah kombinasi gamet yg mungkin ada

1 2 3 4 n

2 4 8 16 2n

2 4 8 16 2n

3 9 27 81 3n

4 16 64 256 4n

ISTILAH-ISTILAH
Alel/alil : pasangan gen yang terletak pada kromosom homolog (gen A alel a atau A ). Lokus : posisi gen yang tetap pada kromosom Genotip : Konstitusi genetik dari individu, disimbolkan dengan huruf (tidak tampak) Fenotip : ekspresi gen yang dapat diamati Dominan : produk dari fungsi gen yang menutupi ekspresi alil Resesif : produk dari fungsi gen yang tertutupi oleh ekspresi alil dominan. Ekspresi gen resesif hanya tampak apabila dalam keadaan homozigot.

ISTILAH-ISTILAH
Homozigous : pasangan alil yang sama. Individu disebut homozigot (AA, aa, BB, CC, cc) Heterozigous : pasangan alil yg berbeda. Misal Aa, Bb, Cc dinamakan heterozigot. F1(Filial 1) : Generasi pertama hasil persilangan dua tetua . F2 (Filial 2) : Generasi kedua, turunan dari F1 Persilangan resiprok : Persilangan dua tetua berbeda yang dilakukan secara bolak balik . Contoh : persilangan 1 A x B , persilangan kedua B x A . Silang balik (Backcross): persilangan yang dilakukan antara F1 dengan salah satu tetua. Uji silang (test cross): persilangan yang dilakukan antara F1 dengan tetua homozigot resesif

PHENOTYPE VS GENOTYPE
Genotype The genetic makeup Symbolized with letters Tt or TT Phenotype Physical appearance of the organism Expression of the trait Short, tall, yellow, smooth, etc.