Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I.
II. III.
IV. V.
VI.
Introduction to the Research Process Identification of the Research Problem Development of the Research Question or Hypothesis Formulation of the Research Methods Analysis and Interpretation of the Collected Data Writing the Research Report
4.
5. 6.
7.
Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory
D.
Selecting the Appropriate Design Selecting the Subjects Selecting Measurement Methods & Techniques Selecting Instrumentation
Developing Procedures & Protocol Using a Pilot Study Selecting the Appropriate Analysis Techniques Developing a Timeline & Budget Collecting the Data
Sampling Procedures
Definitions
Population group of things (people) having one or more common characteristics Sample representative subgroup of the larger population
Used
to estimate something about a population (generalize) Must be similar to population on characteristic being investigated
Representative
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Systematic sampling Cluster (area) sampling Multistage sampling
Advantage
Most
Disadvantage
Difficult
Technique
Divide population into various strata Randomly sample within each strata Sample from each strata should be proportional
Advantage
Better
Disadvantage
Difficult Difficult
Systematic Sampling
Technique
Use system to select sample (e.g., every 5th item in alphabetized list, every 10th name in phone book) Quick, efficient, saves time and energy Not entirely bias free; each item does not have equal chance to be selected System for selecting subjects may introduce systematic error Cannot generalize beyond pop actually sampled
Advantage
Disadvantage
cant obtain a list of the members of the population have little knowledge of pop characteristics Pop is scattered over large geographic area
Advantage
More
Conclusions should be stated in terms of cluster (sample unit school) Sample size is # of clusters
Multistage Sampling
Stage 1
randomly
Stage 2
randomly
selected
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Systematic sampling Cluster (area) sampling Multistage sampling
set using some characteristic of the population thought to be relevant Subjects selected non-randomly to meet quotas (usu. convenience sampling)
Disadvantage
selection
Convenience Sampling
Take them where you find them - nonrandom Intact classes, volunteers, survey respondents (low return), a typical group, a typical person Disadvantage: Selection bias Use post hoc analysis to show groups were equal at the start
Sample Size
Critical factor is whether sample is representative Necessary sample size depends on population size Recommendations:
Use tables from books 30 per group Descriptive studies 10-20% of population No more than 50% of population
Random assignment Sampling of treatments (experimental research) Use post hoc analysis to show groups were equal at the start Since random sampling is often impossible, sample must be selected on some theoretical basis Be careful with generalizations
Are subjects with special characteristics necessary for your research? (age, gender, trained/untrained, expert/novice, size, etc.) Can you obtain the necessary permission and cooperation from the subjects? Can you find enough subjects? Interaction among selection of subjects, treatments, and measures is essential for experimental studies.
Reporting Subjects
State how many subjects were selected Describe how the subjects were selected Discuss whether any subjects were lost during the study and why Explain why the subjects were selected Describe subject characteristics that are pertinent to study be very specific Identify procedures taken to protect the subjects