HISTOLOGY: THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

PATHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF DISEASE and THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES

THAT OCCUR IN

INJURY, DEATH, REPAIR, ADAPTATION:

ACCUMULATIONS, ATROPHY, HYPERTROPHY, HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA

INFLAMMATION NEOPLASIA

HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

Derivatives of the three germ layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

---Epithelium ---Connective Tissue ---Neural

EPITHELIUM:
comprised of cells that cover the exterior surface of the body, and line both the internal closed cavities of the body, and those body tubes that communicate with the exterior --alimentary, respiratory, genitourinary Can be impervious (epidermis or bladder) , secretory (stomach), absorptive (intestines), be a transport system(trachea), or receive sensory stimuli (taste buds of the tongue) Epithelium is attached to its underlying connective tissue by basement membrane

SQUAMOUS AND TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Human skin

Mouse skin

BLADDER Mouse skin

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

Small intestine with villi Mucin stain showing goblet cells

Colon with NO villi Mucin stain showing goblet cells

Epithelial cells (continued--mouse tissues) Liver Kidney glomerulus/tubules

Pancreas

Lung

CONNECTIVE TISSUES:
---CELLS:
-fibroblasts -adipose cells -undifferentiated mesenchymal cells -cells of the hematopoietic system ---EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: -EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS:
Trichrome stain for collagen

-collagen fibers
-reticular fibers -elastic fibers -GROUND SUBSTANCE : -proteoglycans -hyaluronic acids - TISSUE FLUID
Silver stain for supporting reticulin fibers

MUSCLE, CARTILAGE AND BONE

TYPES OF MUSCLE: Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

Cardiac: striations + central nuclei Skeletal: striations + eccentric nuclei

Smooth:

central nuclei

Non-epithelial tissues (continued) Bone/cartilage Spleen

Brain-hippocampus and ventricle

Cerebellum

HISTOCHEMISTRY

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION

USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT DIFFERENCES IN BONE AND CARTILAGE FORMATION

USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT DIFFERENCES DETECTED ON ROUTINE H&E STAINS

H&E

TRAP stain for osteoclasts

Use of AlcianBlue/PAS to detect differences in Mucin content within Brunners glands of duodenum

USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

Grams stain to detect bacteria in tissue (oil immersion x1000)

Silver stain (GMS) to detect presence of fungal hyphae in tissue x200

MORE EXAMPLES OF HISTOCHEMISTRY

Luxol Fast Blue for myelin

Fontana-Masson for melanocytes

Folded artefact

Cracked tissue artefact

Knife mark + folded arterfact

HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

PATHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF DISEASE and THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES

THAT OCCUR IN

INJURY, DEATH, REPAIR, ADAPTATION:

ACCUMULATIONS, ATROPHY, HYPERTROPHY,
HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA

INFLAMMATION NEOPLASIA

CELL INJURY: reversible or irreversible if prolonged

Due to: oxygen deprivation-ischemic ( no blood flow) , mechanical trauma (burns), chemical agents (acetaminophen) , infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances etc.

INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS:
fatty change of liver cells in alcoholism or obesity, glycogen deposits in diabetes, accumulation of pigments like iron after hemorrhage

METAPLASIA: (one cell type is replaced by another cell type:

cigarette smoking induced change of bronchial epithlelial cells to squamous, Barretts esophagitis--where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium)

CELL DEATH:
necrosis (occurs from the progressive degradative action of enzymes on the lethally injured cells) apoptosis: -programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis -hormone dependent involution in the adult - cell deletion in proliferating cell populations, immune cells, tumors, etc.

HYPERPLASIA:

An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have an increased volume. Physiologic hyperplasia: Proliferation of mammary glandular epithelium at pregnancy, compensatory hyperplasia of the liver after partial hepatectomy

HYPERTROPHY: An increase in size of cells and thus an increase in the

size of the organ eg: physiologic hypertrophy of uterus during pregnancy, hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle in hypertension or valvular disease, hypertrophy of skeletal muscles due to heavy exercise

ATROPHY: a shrinkage in the size of the cells due to

-a decreased work load ( when a limb is immobilized in a plaster cast)

-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply -loss of endocrine stimulation -aging

INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR

Is a protective response, where the goal is to rid the body of the initial cause of injury and the consequences

ACUTE: relatively short duration. There is an alteration of blood vesels such that there is an exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, with an emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils, into the focus of injury.
CHRONIC: is of longer duration and is associated with the accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages and allowing the repair process to occur, using angiogenesis and/ or fibrosis.

Hematopoietic cells
Erythroid Megakaryocytes

Leukocytes Myelo-monocytic
Monocytes

Lymphoid
Mac-1

Red blood cells (rbcs)

platelets

CD41

B cells

Myeloid
dendritic cells macrophages

B220

T cells
CD3

NK

cells

Plasma cells
F480

Granulocytes

Gr-1

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

(polymorphonuclear PMNs)

mast cells

NEOPLASIA: new abnormal growth

A neoplasm is a abnormal purposeless mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation fo the stimuli which evoked the change Tumor= swelling. Benign tumor -- no infiltration into surrounding tissue. Malignant tumor = cancer Cancer is the common term for all malignant tumors. Cancer derives from the Latin term crab presumably because it adheres to any part that it seizes in an obstinate manner like the crab

Robbins and Kumar textbook of Pathology description of the process of malignant progression and metastasis

Benign tumors: fibroadenomas, polyps of the colon, lipomas

CARCINOMAS:

-Malignant tumors of epithelial cells

-well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated -squamous carcinomas - adeno-carcinomas alveolar papillary tubular (anaplastic, undifferentiated, large cell, small cell) (hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma)

SARCOMAS: Malignant tumors of supporting tissue -chondrosarcomas--cartilage -osteosarcomas--bone -hemagiosarcomas--blood vessel -gliomas (astrocytoma, glioblastoma) -lymphomas -melanomas -rhabdomyosarcomas -leiomyosarcomas -fibrosarcomas -seminoma, teratoma, etc.

Teratoma has multiple tissue types

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY is an important adjunct to histopathologic evaluation Epithelium: Keratins --pan-keratin and antibodies to keratins of different molecular weights

Supporting connective tissues:

--Vimentin--fibroblasts, blood vessels --vWF, CD31 (PECAM)-- endothelial cells of blood vessels

Hematopoeitic tissues: CD45, B220, CD3, F480, Mac-1, Gr-1, CD41

Muscle: desmin, smooth muscle actin Neural: GFAP, NeuN, F480/Mac-1, MBP, NSE, S100

Hormones: specific antibodies--insulin, casein, etc.

Germ cells: alpha-feto protein (teratomas) Proliferation markers-Ki-67