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Acid-Based Concepts
Acid-Base Concepts
The definitions of an acid and a base range from proton and hydroxide donors to electron pair donors and acceptors to specialized definitions for non-solvent systems.
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Acid-Base Definitions
Arrhenius - Acids are proton donors, bases are hydroxide donors.
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Lux-Flood Reactions
(CH3)4N+ + FeCl4-
Solvent Systems
Autoionization
Solvent Systems
Acid Leveling
acids stronger than H3O+ are leveled to H3O+ bases stronger than OHare leveled to OH-
2 H2O
H3O+ + OH-
Solvent Systems
Acid Leveling
What is the strongest acid and the strongest base allowed in liquid hydrofluoric acid? 3 HF H2F+ + HF2-
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Usanovich - Acids are negative charge acceptors, bases are negative charge donors.
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more basic
[Al(H2O)6]3+
H2O
HmXOn
The acidity of oxyacids depends on formal charge on the central atom charge on the complex inductive effects of substituents
HClO2
HClO
HNO3
HNO2 HSO4HClO2
<< 0
3.3 1.9 HClO2
H2PO4- 7.2
HmXOn
The acidity of oxyacids depends on formal charge on the central atom charge on the complex inductive effects of substituents
for X(OH)mOn
H2SO3
H3PO3 H2CO3
pKa = 1.81
pKa = 2.00 pKa = 6.37
H3BO3
pKa = 9.1
NR3
pKb NF3
no basic character
NH3
4.74
NH2CH3
3.36
NH(CH3)2
3.29
N(CH3)3
4.28
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