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Linguistic View: Poplack (1980) : Tag Switching (emblematic SW) Intra Sentencial Switching Inter-sentencial Switching Singh (1985) : Code Mixing = Intrasentencial Switching
EXAMPLES
This text is a monologue, a student telling about her experience visiting a town, Waitabula (West Sumba). (1) Aha la Waitabula dummu dira hammunya, ko. Ai Waitabula itu sangat bagus, ya. (2) Na pemandangannya sangat indah ya. Apalagi selama perjalanan di pinggir jalan hijau wammunya.(Kau tahu) Aiha da uma da dummu madanguha, la hingi anda mama nadanguha tapi da tembok da bai watu puda papadoiha Ai rumah-rumahnya sungguh indah terletak di pinggir jalan, tetapi temboknya dari batu buatan sendiri.
EXAMPLES
Text 2 Partisipants : a university student, staff 1, staff 2, staff 3, staff 4. The conversation happened in the office. St : Bagaimana pak bukunya jadi dikasih pinjam untuk dikopi ? S 3 whispered to S4 in Sumbanese. (2) Napa la wuanya yaka na buku hidana pabeli a nya Nanti kita beri bukunya jangan sampai tidak dikembalikan lagi St heard the conversation then, he said in Sumbanese. (3) Ha nyungga tau Humba, makai duku padaingu ku pabeli nggaya. Ha saya juga orang Sumba asli, saya tetap akan mengembalikan bukunya. Saya titip katu mahasiswa saya. (4) S2 : Minta maaf bukannya kami tidak percaya, karena tadi belum tahu identitas bapak.
SW : Any diglossic situation. Motivation of Code SW :Stylistic, Metaphorical, borrowing, Prestige and need. Cultural Specific Items: food, dress, cultural Institution, activities.(BORROWING) Gumperz (1972) : the mixture is not random : stylistic and metaphorical rather than grammatical Nouns --- largest in CS: relatively free of syntactic restriction.
EXAMPLE 2
People here get divorce easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In China its not the same. JIA GOU SUI GOU, JIA JI SUI JI (If you have married a dog, you follow a dog, if youve married a chicken you follow a chicken). emphasize the precise message and ethnic identity.
METAPHORICAL SWITCHING
Metaphorical SW is related to rhetorical skill. No new person No change in setting/topic. Rapid switching = code mixing --- Holmes: metaphorical SW. Code mixing: mixing indiscriminately due to incompetence.
BORROWING
Borrowing --- lack of vocabulary --- adapted to the speakers first language. People may borrow words from another language to express a concept or describe an object for which there is no obvious word available in the language they are using. Borrowing of this kind generally involves single words, mainly nouns, and it is motivated by lexical need. It is very different from switching where speakers have a genuine choice about which words they will use in which language. Borrowed words are usually adapted to the speakers first language. They are pronounced and used grammatically as if they were part of the speakers first language.