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Categories of multiplexing
FDM
Is the process of translating individual speech circuits (3003400Hz) into pre assigned slots within the bandwith of transmission medium. and, the preassigned slots are always available to each user
FDM
FDM process
Example 1
TDM
The process where a transmission medium is shared by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots during which individual channels can be transmittedThus the entire bandwidth is periodically available to each channel
TDM
TDM frames
PCM PROCESSES
SAMPLING
SAMPLING THEOREM
If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate equal to or more than twice the highest signal frequency in the band, then the sample contains all the information of the original signal Fs= >2fH
Voice Frequency range 0- 4 Khz Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Double the Max. Frequency as per sampling theorem) i.e. 8000s/sec Sampling time period Ts=1sec/8000 Ts= 125 microsec Time available for sampling each channel, when we have N total channels=125/N In PCM, Time frame=125microsec ;time available per chl=125/32 =3.9microsec.
QUANTIZING
The process of measuring the numerical values of the samples and giving them a table value in a suitable scale The finite number of amplitude intervals is called the quantizing interval like quantizing interval no.1 is 10-20mV; 2 is 20-30mV etc. in a case of 1V signal. Linear quantizing is where the quantizing intervals are of the same size
QUANTIZING LEVELS
QUANTIZING
Quantization intervals are coded in binary form, and so the quantization intervals will be in powers of 2. In PCM, 8 bit code is used and so we have 256 intervals for quantizing (128 levels in the positive direction and 128 levels in negative direction)
QUANTIZATION DISTORTION
The deviation between the amplitude of samples at the transmitter and receiving ends In linear quantization, the distortion is more and to decrease the distortion, the no. of steps in the given amplitude range has to be increased. Due to BW limitations, more quantum levels in small amplitude region are planned results to Non linear (uniform) quantization
COMPANDING
Is the process where non uniform quantization is achieved using segmented quantization In companding, to specify the location of sample value, the following are necessarysign of the sample, the segment no., the quantum level within the segment.
SEGMENTATION
PCM ENCODING
FRAME STRUCTURE
In PCM we have 32 Ts and Ts 0 (FAW) carries the synchronization signals and FAW digit value is X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 . FAW transmitted in alternate frame. In FAW unused frames, supervisory and alarm signals are transmitted Ts 16 carries the signalling information (for 2 channels)
FRAME STRUCTURE
For carrying the signalling for all 30 chls and for carrying sync. Data for all frames, in PCM 16 frame pattern is used and it is known as multi frame Duration of multi frame is 2msecs.
PCM Standards
THERE ARE TWO STANDARDS OF PCM NAMELY 1) THE EUROPEAN 2 ) THE AMERICAN. THEY DIFFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE THE SAME. EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS JAPANESE PCM = 24 CHANNELS IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF 30 CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.
2 Mbps
8 Mbps 34 Mbps
2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
+/- 50 ppm 30
+/- 30 ppm 120
+/- 20 ppm
34.368 Mbps
480
140 Mbps
1920
in order to move multiple ASYNCHRONOUS 2 mbps data streams from one place to another, they are combined together or multiplexed in groups of four. this is done by taking 1 bit/word from stream #1, followed by 1 bit/word from #2, then #3, then #4. the transmitting multiplexer also adds additional bits in order to EQUAL or synchronise the bits in the multiplexer and the process adopted for such synchronization is called justification bits or pulse stuffing
JUSTIFICATION TYPES
Positive justification: Common synchronization bit rate offered at each tributary is higher than the bit rate of individual tributary. Positive-negative justification Negative justification
BYTE INTERLEAVING WORD / BYTE / BLOCK INTERLEAVING: IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A BYTE INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED SIGNAL.
A1
A2
A3 A4
B1
B2
B3
B4
C1
C2
C3
C4
D1
D2
D3
D4
BIT INTERLEAVING: ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A TIME. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A BIT INTERLEAVED SIGNAL. BIT INTERLEAVING IS USED IN HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING.
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4