Graduate Seminar on Brain - Controlled Interface Using Fuzzy Based Controller.

Presented by Praveen kumar 1210505 M.tech (Mechatronics)

Contents:

Introduction Method for detection of brain signal Recording technology Method of signal extracting & comparison BCI system Typical model of BCI using fuzzy controller References

Introduction

Brain-controlled interfaces are devices that make a direct communication between brain and external devices which is mostly used for those people who are immobilized .

Current devices record electrical activity of brain , from the scalp or on the surface of the brain & within the cerebral cortex.

It makes direct communication between brain and a machine possible by means of electrodes.

Signal Detection

There are three basic which is used in BCIs. Invasive BCIs.

types of signal detection technique

Semi invasive BCIs.

Non-Invasive BCIs .

Invasive BCIs

Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the gray matter of the brain during neurosurgery. Gray matter Grey matter is made up of neuronal cell bodies & it includes the region of the brain involved in muscle control , sensory perception as seeing and hearing , memory, emotions , and speech. Since in this method electrodes are placed in grey matter where they are in rest so this devices produced high quality of signal. Due to development of scar-tissue , it effect the signal strength

Partiallyinvasive BCIs

Partially invasive BCI device are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the gray matter. This technique gives better signal than non-invasive technique where the bone tissue of cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue.

Non-invasive BCIs

Non- invasive BCIs use detectors that can be mounted externally. These can monitor small currents in the brain by measuring either their electric or magnetic field. But in this technique signal quality is degraded due to skull. Another problem in this technique is , difficulty to finding the area of the brain where they created the action of individual neurons.

Recording Technology

There are various technique, by which brain signal can be extracted or recorded .

1.Electroencephalography (EEG)

2.Electrocorticography (ECoG)
3.Local field potential (LFPs)

4.Single-neuron action potential recording (Single unit)

Electroencephalography EEG.

It is a safest way to record the brain activity because electrode are placed on the surface of the scalp. But human scalp is 2-3 cm away from the cortex due to this signal strength is very weak. Mathematically it is expressed as v (volt) 1/ 2 Where v = voltage developed on the surface of scalp d= distance between cortex & scalp

Electrocorticography (ECoG)

In the EEG signal the spatial frequency of this signal makes it difficult to obtain multiple independent areas of control. In E-cog based BCI system , the recording electrodes are approximated on the cortical surface due to this a much finer spatial resolution on the order of mm (Leuthardt, et al.,2004 ) as well as the ability to record higher frequency( 10-200 Hz) content in the signal.

Local Field Potential (LFPs)

In this technique signals are taken from penetrating microelectrodes .

Single Unit
It provide a method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system.

Comparison Between Various Recording Technique

BCI System

This will be my thesis work in which I want to analyze and design different intermediate stages which will be used for BCI system. Block diagram for BCI system
Signal Processing Feature extraction Feature classifier

DATA ACQUISI TION

External Application

DATA ACQUITION

In this part of BCI we can take data from brain using different electrode which is based on international 10-20 system. 10-20 system is a method of location of scalp electrode in the context of an EEG experiment. This system is based on the relationship between the location of an electrode and the underlying area of cerebral cortex.

The 10 & 20 system simply reflect the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front back or right left distance of the skull.

IMAGE of 10-20 System

In this diagram F , T, C, P and O represent, Frontal ,Temporal, Central, Parietal and Occipital respectively.

Structure of Brain
7, 3, , 4, 8, Parietal lobe Frontal lobe 3, , 4,

Temporal lobe

Occipit al lobe

4, 3, 5, 6,

1, 2,

Working of Different Portion of Brain

Frontal

lobe The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex . The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short term memory task , planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. Parietal lobe it gives the information about the nerve impulses related to the senses, such as touch, pain , taste, pressure, and temperature. They also have language functions.

 Temporal lobe It is responsible for hearing, memory, meaning, and language. They also play a role in emotion and learning. The temporal lobes are concerned with interpreting and processing auditory stimuli. Occipital lobe It is involved with the brain's ability to recognize objects. It is responsible for our vision.

Signal Processing
PreAmplifier Differential Amplifier

Filter

Display

DAQ

Typical Model of BCIs Using Fuzzy Logic Controller

References
A Fuzzy-based Shared Controller for Brain-actuated Simulated Robotic System Rong Liu, Member, IEEE , Kuang-zheng Xue, Yong-xuan Wang, Le Yang

Brain-Controlled Interfaces Movement Restoration with Neural Prosthetics.

(Neuron 52, 205220, October 5, 2006 2006 Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.019)

Braincomputer interfaces for communication and control.

(Elsevier clinical Neurophysiology 113 (2002)767-791)