Digital Electronics

Dr. Bahawodin Baha, University of Brighton, UK. March 2007 Digital Systems, Principles and Applications, 10th Edition R.J Tocci, N. S. Windmer, G. L. Moss, 2007.
Applications:
Computers Telecommunication Automation Medical Science and Technology Transportation Space Exploration Entertainment Home Appliances Others

Course Summary

Overview of Electronics
Digital Electronics Number systems, decimal, binary, hexadecimal Combinational logic circuits

Sequential logic circuits

Computer Systems

Course Summary (cont.)

Combinational Logic Systems

Number systems: Binary, decimal and hexadecimal conversions and calculations Basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT and Ex-OR

Truth tables, Boolean equations. Combinational logic circuit design: General hierarchical logic design methodology

Minimisation using Karnaugh maps and Boolean algebra, DeMorgans laws. Simulation of gates and combinational logic designs Implementation and testing of designs using a suitable version of TTL series ICs. Practical aspects of using logic ICs: data sheets, current and voltage characteristics, timing issues, output types, compatibility, families etc..

Course Summary (cont.)

Sequential logic design

Flip-flops: SR, JK, D, T types, truth tables, excitation tables and device operation. Flip-flop applications: Registers and counters (asynchronous); MSI and LSI devices Synchronous counter and sequence generator design method

Course Summary (cont.)

Introduction to Microprocessor Systems Overview of computer systems architectures, a simple microprocessor-based system, the stored programme concept. Design of a microprocessor based system Differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers. Brief history of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Overview of Electronics

Analogue electronics
Power electronics

Physical electronics
Differences between digital and other types of electronics Numerical Presentation

In 1947, Transistor was invented in Bell labs in the USA. It was as tall as the face of wristwatch. In November 2001, another Bell lab team has built a transistor from a single Molecule small enough to fit about 10 million transistors on the head of a pin.

Numerical Representation

There is two ways to represent numerical values. 1- Analogue In analogue representation one quantity is represented by another quantity which is directly proportional to the first quantity. Analogue = Continuous 2- Digital In digital representation the quantities are not represented by proportional quantities but symbols called digits. The digital representation is in discrete steps. Digital = Discrete Logic Level in digital representation, 0 0.8 logic 0 and 2 5 logic 1. Voltage between 0.8 V and 2 V are unacceptable and are never used.

Number systems

Type of Numbers
Decimal,

Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal

Converting decimal to binary and Converting decimal to hexadecimal Converting binary to hexadecimal

Number Systems
Decimal
Base of 10

Binary
Base 0f 2

Hexadecimal
Base of 16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0111
1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

7
8 9 A B C D E F

Converting Decimal to Binary

2 8

Convert Therefore, 810 = (1000)2 LSB, Less Significant Bit MSB, Most significant Bit To examine (0 X 2 0) + (0 X 2 1) + (0 X 2 2) + (1 X 2 3) = 8 decimal into binary

2 4 2 2 2 1 0

Reminder 0 0 0 1

LSB

MSB

2nd Example

Convert 624 decimal into binary 624 decimal = 1001110000 in binary.

To examine the result

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

624 312 156 78 39 19 9 4 2 1 0

Reminder 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 MSB LSB

(1 X 2 4) + (1 X 2 5) + (1 X 2 6) + (1 X 2 9) = 624

Converting Decimal to Hex

16

3875 242 15 0

Reminder 3 2 15 MSB LSB

Find the Hex equivalent of (3875) (3875) = (F23)H To examine

16 16 16

(15 X 162) + (2 X 161) + (3 X 160) = 3875

Converting Hex to Decimal

Convert (AF16B)16 to decimal.

(AF16B)16 = [(10 X 164) + (15 X 163) + (1 X 162) + (6 X 161) + (11 X 160)] = (655360 + 61440 +256 +96 +11) = (717163)10

Converting Binary to Hex

To convert Binary into Hex, simply group them in four and write down the Hex equivalent for each group.

Example:
(10110011) 2 = (1011)2 (0011)2 = (11)10 (3)10 = B316

Main Points

Digital Electronics use many exciting applications

Introduction to digital electronics Number systems: Decimal, binary and hex Converting from one number system into another

The End

Thank you for your attention. Any questions? Good luck and have fun!