AVR ATMega 8 uC

Lets Learn fundamentals !!

What is a Microcontroller? A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C or MCU) is a small computer on a single IC containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals

It is a decision making device used widely in embedded systems and all intelligent devices

Basic Block Diagram of Microcontroller

Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor

Microcontroller has I/O ports, Memory, timers etc all integrated on chip itself In Microprocessors, I/O ports, memory, timer etc are to be connected externally

Block Diagram to show the difference

What is a 8-bit microcontroller?

8-bit means it can process 8-bit data per clock cycle It has 8-bit data bus It can process 1byte(i.e. 8 bit) of data at a time

AVR ATmega8 Microcontroller

How AVR ATmega8 got its name?

It was developed by Atmel Corporation AVR implies it belongs to AVR family. 8 in Atmega8 means this microcontroller has 8Kb of flash memory

What is AVR? AVR is a modified Harvard architecture, 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller It was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation

Whats special about AVR?

They are fast
AVR Microcontroller executes most of the instructions in single execution cycle They consume less power and can be operated in different power saving modes

What is RISC?
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer It is a very fast architecture which executes one instruction per clock cycle

RISC contains very small instruction set

Programming is easy, but code length increases

Harvard and Von Neumann Architecture

Harvard Architecture
Harvard architecture has separate data and instruction buses This allows transfers to be performed simultaneously on both buses

Von Neumann Architecture

A Von Neumann architecture has only one bus which is used for both data transfers and instruction fetch Data transfers and instruction fetches must be scheduled as they cannot be performed at the same time

Introduction to Atmega8
ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC architecture
By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8 achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz

In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture

Features Of ATmega8
High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit microcontroller
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

External and Internal Interrupt Sources

Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C

Memory Segments
8K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory 512 Bytes EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) 1K Byte Internal SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Three PWM Channels 8-channel ADC in TQFP package

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6-channel ADC in PDIP package
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator On-chip Analog Comparator

TYPES OF PACKAGES
28-lead PDIP (Plastic Dual In-line Package)

32-lead TQFP (Thin Quad film Package)

How ATmega8 PDIP Package looks like?

How ATmega8 TQFP Package looks like?

Pinout of ATmega8

Pin Description
VCC: Digital supply voltage 5V.
GND: Ground. RESET: A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. AREF: The analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

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AVCC : The supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3..0).It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

PORTS
There are 3 ports in ATmega8: Port B, Port C, Port D Three registers are associated with every port DDRx Data Direction Register PINx Port input PORTx- Port output

Where x would be either B,C or D.

PORT B(PB7-PB0)
It is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port
It has internal pull up resistors(selected for each bit) It can be used either as a input port or as output port ( direction must be specified in programming)

PORT C(PC6-PC0)

It is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port

It has internal pull up resistors(selected for each bit) It can be used either as a input port or as output port ( direction must be specified in programming)

PORTD(PD7-PD0)
It is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port It has internal pull up resistors(selected for each bit) It can be used either as a input port or as output port ( direction must be specified in programming)

Registers to Communicate with I/O Ports

To communicate with the ports of Atmega8, we use three registers: PINx PORTx DDRx Where x would be either B,C or D.

REGISTER DESCRIPTION OF I/O PORTS

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DDRx Register
It stands for Data Direction Register It is used to define Port as Input or Output In order to make Port as Input Port: DDRx=0x00 (In Hexadecimal) DDRx = 0b00000000(In Binary) In order to make Port as output Port: DDRx=0xFF (In Hexadecimal) DDRx = 0b11111111(In Binary)

PORTx Register
If DDRx =0xFF(Output port) Writing logic 1 to PORTx will make output high i.e. 5v for that particular pin Writing 0 to PORTx will make output low i.e. 0v for that particular pin

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If DDRx=Ox00(Input port): If corresponding PORTx bit is set to 1, Internal pull up resistors are enabled i.e if we do not connect this pin to anything it still reads as 1
If corresponding PORTx bit is set to 0, internal pull up resistors are disabled i.e the pin will enter a high impedance state and will become unpredictable

PINx Register
It reads data from the port pins If any/all bits of DDRx is set to 0(input)for a particular pin, we can read data from PINx If any/all bits of DDRx is set to 1(output), then reading PINx register gives the same data which has been output on that particular pin

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