EEE-381

Electronics circuit for communication system

You are welcome to the lecture on RADAR

Definition: Radar means radio deflection and ranging. Radar is basically a means of gathering information about distance object, or target by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the echoes.
Types of Radar :A number of radar systems are sufficiently unlike those treated so far to be dealt with separately. Of them most popular radar are given below 1.CW Doppler Radar 2.Frequency modulated CW Radar 3.Phased array Radar. 4.Planar array Radar.

Frequency modulated CW Radar.

CW TRANSMITER OSCILLATOR

MIXER

FREQUENCY MODULATOR

AMPLIFIER

SAWTOOTH GENERATOR

LIMITER

FREQUENCY COUNTER

INDICATOR INDICATOR

Block diagram of simple FM CW radar altimeter

Principle of FM CW Radar
Above figure shows the block diagram of a common application of the FM CW radar system. Sawtooth frequency modulation is used for simplicity. If the target(in this case, Earth) is stationary with respect to the plane, a frequency difference proportional to the height of the plane will exist between the received and transmitted signals. It is due to the fact that the signal now being received was sent at a time when the instantaneous frequency was different. If the rate of change of frequency with time due to the FM

Process is known, the time difference between the sent and received signal may be easily calculated, as can the height of the aircraft. The output of the mixer which produces the frequency difference, can be amplified, fed to a frequency counter and then to an indicator whose output is calibrated in meter or feet. If the relative velocity of the radar and the target is not zero, another frequency difference, or beat, will superimpose itself on top of the frequency difference , because of the Doppler frequency shift. However the average frequency difference will be constant and due to the time difference between the sending and return of a particular cycle of the signal. Thus correct height measurement can still be made on the basis of the average frequency difference

Advantage of frequency modulated CW Radar

The greatest limitation of Doppler radar, its inability to measure range, may be overcome if the transmitted carrier is frequency modulated.FM require an increase in the bandwidth of the system, and increase bandwidth is required if more information is to be conveyed. Small antenna can be used because of the size and proximity of the Earth.

Application of frequency-modulated CW radar

I. II. III. IV. Aircraft navigation Rate-of-climb meter for vertical takeoff plane. Radar speed meter used by police It is used in preference to pulse radar because of the shortage ranges. V. Simple low power equipment.

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