Emotional States and Health

Mind and Body

Can the body affect the mind? Example? How about the mind affecting the body? Example? Two-way communication between mind and body

Psychosomatic Medicine

Psyche (mind) Soma (body) Butterflies in the stomach Anxious before giving speech Indigestion, nausea Stress may contribute to getting an ulcer.

Reducing the effects of stress

Stress is less harmful if Have some control (even if just belief). Predictable (going to feel a little pinch). Know the duration. Coping mechanism. Some way to relieve stress. Positive attitude. Active participant in process.

Relieve stress

Meditation Listening to soothing music Taking a quiet walk Reduce stress Eliminate butterflies

Affects on long-term health

Attitude towards illness can affect healing. Thought, beliefs and emotions have major impact on physical health. Link between mind and body is the immune system.

The Immune System

Cells that protect the body against intruders such as viruses and bacteria. Like a police force

Too weak and criminals (viruses etc.) run wild

Ex: Opportunistic diseases seen with HIV-AIDS

Too strong and it attacks law-abiding citizens: The bodys own cells (Autoimmune disease)

Ex. Rheumatoid arthritis

What is Emotion?
Internal conscious states that we infer in ourselves and others. Emotions are private experiences. We use operational definitions because we cannot actually see feelings. We infer observable behavior associated with emotion.

Emotions are Multidimensional

Four components of Emotion

Feelings

SocialExpressive

Emotion

Bodily Arousal

Significant life event

Sense of Purpose

Feeling component
Emotions are subjective feelings Make us feel in a particular way. Anger or joy. Meaning and personal significance. Vary in intensity and quality. Rooted in mental processes (labeling).

Bodily Arousal
Biological activation. Autonomic and hormonal systems. Prepare and activate adaptive coping behavior during emotion. Body prepared for action. Alert posture, clenched fists.

Purposive component
Give emotion its goal-directed force. Motivation to take action. Cope with emotion-causing circumstances. Why people benefit from emotions. Social and evolutionary advantage.

Social-Expressive component

Emotions communicative aspect. Postures, gestures, vocalizations, facial expressions make our emotions public. Verbal and nonverbal communication. Helps us interpret the situation. How person reacts to event.

Emotions read in the face

The Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database

Aspect of Emotional Intelligence

Peter Salovey (Yale) John Mayer (U of NH) Four branch ability model of emotional intelligence Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test MSCEIT

Identifying Emotions (Branch 1)

Skills needed to perceive and express feelings. Recognizing facial expressions. Non-verbal communication. Tell when someone is being authentic. Express accurate emotions for situation. Foundation for other branches.

Identifying Emotions (MSCEIT)

Facilitating Emotions (Branch 2)

Using emotions to facilitate thinking. Improve problem solving and boost creativity. Emotional component to motivation. Care enough to send the very best. Using emotion to help make decisions.

Facilitation (MSCEIT)
What mood(s) might be helpful to feel when meeting in-laws for the very first time? Not Useful Useful a) Tension 1 2 3 4 5 b) Surprise 1 2 3 4 5 c) Joy 1 2 3 4 5

Understanding emotions (Branch 3)

Understanding complex and conflicting emotions. Emotions and behavioral consequences. Read a situation and respond correctly. Some emotional responses are maladaptive. Jealousy and envy are destructive.

Understanding Emotions (MSCEIT)

Tom felt anxious, and became a bit stressed when he thought about all the work he needed to do. When his supervisor brought him an additional project, he felt ____. (Select the best choice.)

a) Overwhelmed b) Depressed c) Ashamed d) Self Conscious e) Jittery

Managing emotions (Branch 4)

Developing mood regulation skills. Productive ways to change mood. Avoid over and under regulation. Seek natural means rather than alcohol, tobacco or other drugs. Stress coping strategies. Use optimistic explanatory style.

Managing Emotions (Branch 4)

1.

Debbie just came back from vacation. She was feeling peaceful and content. How well would each action preserve her mood? Action 1: She started to make a list of things at home that she needed to do. Very Ineffective..1.....2.....3.....4.....5..Very Effective Action 2: She began thinking about where and when she would go on her next vacation. Very Ineffective..1.....2.....3.....4.....5..Very Effective

Action 3: She decided it was best to ignore the feeling since it wouldn't last anyway. Very Ineffective..1.....2.....3.....4.....5..Very Effective

Emotional States and Physical Health

Salovey et at American Psychologist (1/2000)

Healing through laughter

Norman Cousins Anatomy of an Illness (1979) Life-threatening inflammatory disease Cartoons and Marx Brothers 10 mins of laughing gave him 2 hrs of pain-free sleep Laughter reduced inflammation Healing power of positive mood

Emotional states and immunity

Negative emotional states associated with unhealthy physical states. Positive emotional states associated with healthier states. Cardiovascular and immune systems. S-IgA = secretory immunoglobulin A First line of defense in the immune system

S-IgA levels and emotion

Increased occurrence of desirable events predicts higher S-IgA. Positive moods boost the immune system. Negative moods lower SIgA levels. Undesirable events suppress immune system. Negative moods increase susceptibility to illness.

Manipulating Emotion

Healthy college students watching videos. Humorous video enhanced immune function ( S-IgA) Sad video suppressed immune function ( S-IgA) Not clear how long these changes persist. Contribute to illness.

Coping styles and illness

People dealing with severe stressors more susceptible to illness. Negative emotional states reduce immune function. Coping styles could aid healing. Pennebaker: helping people process and confront traumatic life events improves health. Talk about illness, release pent-up negative emotions.

Emotion and environment

Positive emotional states signal a safe environment. Negative states signal an alert. Something is wrong and must be corrected. Function of pain. It hurts; get help.

Role in seeking help

Some believe that: Happy people less likely to recognize signs of distress and less likely to get help. Unhappy people more vigilant and seek help. Better to be pessimistic?

Processing health information

Other evidence that: Positive outlook may make it easier to process threatening information (diagnosis). Seek help. Negative outlook may cause a person not recognize new symptoms as threatening. Not seek help.

Optimistic outlook
Positive emotional states provide resilience. Strength to confront illness. Personal resources to seek solutions. Creativity in thought and action. Focus on and plan for future outcomes. Belief that you will get well. Do what you can to support recovery.

Healthy heart surgery

Men undergoing cardiac bypass surgery. Optimistic men better able to focus on postoperative goals. 5 years post surgery, optimists had healthier habits. Diet and exercise programs Scheier et al. (1989)

Role of health care worker

One who inspires hope in others. Freud: patients expectations colored by hope and faith and an effective force in all our attempts at treatment and cure. Positive mood comes from a renewal of hope.

Social Support

With social support, observe: Lower mortality More resistant to disease. Lower incidence of heart disease. Faster recovery from surgery. Decreased levels of stress. Improved coping with illness.

Affect on Health
1. Buffering hypothesis: Social support buffers individual from stressful life event. Only when needed. 2. Direct effect: Social support promotes well-being at all times. Not just under stress. Both are possible, depending on the nature of the stressor.

Role of Social Support

Mediated by emotional experience. Know that help will be provided if needed. Less likely to feel lonely and depressed. Positive outlook on life more likely to get social support. Develop and maintain social network.

Spirituality
Also plays a role in wellness and recovery from illness. A topic for later discussion.