Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e

Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources

Chapter 7

Managing Data Resources

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Objectives

1. Why do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems?

2. How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information?

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Objectives

3. How do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information? 4. What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a database environment? 5. What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful?

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Management Challenges

1. Organizational obstacles to a database environment 2. Cost/benefit considerations

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Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

File Organization Terms and Concepts

Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)

Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character Field: Group of words or complete number Record: Group of related fields File: Group of records of the same type

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Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

File Organization Terms and Concepts

Database: Group of related files Entity: Person, place, thing, or event about which information must be kept

Attribute: A piece of information describing a particular entity

Key field: Field that uniquely identifies every record in a file

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Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

The data hierarchy

Figure 7-1
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Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

Entities and attributes

Figure 7-2
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Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Data redundancy
Program-data dependence Lack of flexibility Poor security Lack of data-sharing and availability

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Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment

Traditional file processing

Figure 7-3
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The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

Database
Collection of centralized data

Controls redundant data

Data stored so as to appear to users in one location Services multiple application

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The Database Approach to Data Management

The contemporary database environment

Figure 7-4
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The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

Database Management System (DBMS)

Creates and maintains databases Eliminates requirement for data definition statements Acts as interface between application programs and physical data files

Separates logical and physical views of data

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Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources

The Database Approach to Data Management

Database Management Systems

Three Components to a DBMS

1. Data definition language: Formal language programmers use to specify structure of database

2. Data manipulation language: For extracting data from database, e.g. SQL
3. Data dictionary: Tool for storing, organizing definitions of data elements and data characteristics

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The Database Approach to Data Management

Sample data dictionary report

Figure 7-5
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Database Management Systems

How a DBMS Solves Problems of a Traditional File Environment

Reduces data redundancy Eliminates data inconsistency Uncouples programs from data Increases access and availability of data Allows central management of data, data use, and security

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Types of Databases

Relational DBMS
Represents data as two-dimensional tables called relations Relates data across tables based on common data element Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server

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The Database Approach to Data Management

The relational data model

Figure 7-6
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Types of Databases

Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database

Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with information

Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant information

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The Database Approach to Data Management

The three basic operations of a relational DBMS

Figure 7-7
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Types of Databases

Hierarchical DBMS
Older system presenting data in tree-like structure Models one-to-many parent-child relationships Found in large legacy systems requiring intensive highvolume transactions: Banks; insurance companies

Examples: IBMs IMS

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The Database Approach to Data Management

A hierarchical database for a human resources system

Figure 7-8
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The Database Approach to Data Management

Types of Databases

Network DBMS
Older logical database model

Models many-to-many parent-child relationships

Example: Student course relationship: Each student has many courses; each course has many students

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The Database Approach to Data Management

The network data model

Figure 7-9
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Types of Databases

Disadvantages of Hierarchical and Network DBMS

Outdated Less flexible compared to RDBMS Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queries

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Types of Databases

Object-Oriented Databases (OODBMS)

Stores data and procedures as objects Better able to handle graphics and recursive data Data models more flexible Slower than RDBMS Hybrid: object-relational DBMS

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Creating a Database Environment

Distributing Databases

Distributed Database
Partitioned or replicated to more than one location Increases service and responsiveness Reduces vulnerability of single, massive central site Depend on telecommunication lines Pose security risks through distribution of sensitive data Central data must be updated or justified with local data

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Creating a Database Environment

Distributed databases

Figure 7-13
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Database Trends
Multidimensional Data Analysis

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Multidimensional data analysis Enables users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions Each aspect of information product, price, region represents a different dimension

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Database Trends
Multidimensional data model

Figure 7-15
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Database Trends
Data Warehouses and Datamining

Data warehouse: Stores current and historical data for reporting, analysis
Data mart: Subset of data warehouse with summary of data for specific users Datamining: Techniques to find hidden patterns, relationships in large pools of data to infer rules for predicting future trends

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Database Trends
Components of a data warehouse

Figure 7-16
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Database Trends
Data Warehouses and Datamining

Benefits of Data Warehouses

Improved information and accessibility

Ability to model and remodel data

Enable access to data without affecting performance of underlying operational legacy systems

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Database Trends
Data Warehouses and Datamining

Hypermedia database
Organizes data as network of nodes Links nodes in pattern specified by user Supports text, graphic, sound, video and executable programs

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Database Trends
A hypermedia database

Figure 7-17
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Database Trends
Databases and the Web

Linking Internal Databases to the Web

Database server:
Hosts DBMS Receives SQL requests Provides required data

Middleware:
Works between Web server and DBMS to take requests Handles connectivity to database Can be application server or CGI scripts

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Database Trends
Linking internal databases to the Web

Figure 7-18
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Database Trends
Databases and the Web

Advantages to Web Access to Databases

Browser software easy to use; little training Web interface requires no changes to internal database Costs less than custom interfaces

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