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I = I
0
cos
Rough surface
Incident light
I
0
I = I
0
cos
Diffuse reflectance
- rough surfaces
- at all angles
- I
= I
0
cos
Rahmayeni
Photoelectric effect
h
h
=h
c
W
Vacuum level
KE
V = 0
h
h
=h
c
W
Vacuum level
KE
V = 0
Release of electrons due to absorption of light energy
- potential energy barrier for surface electrons is finite
- critical energy for release: = W - E
f
= h
c
- below
c
: no ejection of photoelectrons
- characteristic measure
Rahmayeni
Photoelectric effect
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Wavelength ()
R
e
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Wavelength () Wavelength ()
R
e
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
R
e
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Photoelectric emission depending on wavelength
- optimal emission at
c
- below
c
: insufficient energy
- above
c
: decrease of electronic excitations efficiency
c
c h
c
h = =
Rahmayeni
Electromagnetic spectrum
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
Visible spectrum
wavelength
Wavelength (m)
Energy (eV)
Frequency (Hz)
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
Visible spectrum
wavelength
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
Visible spectrum
wavelength
Wavelength (m)
Energy (eV)
Frequency (Hz)
Rahmayeni
Optical Properties of ceramics and glasses
Refractive index n
- velocity of light in vacuum: c = 299 792 458 m/s
- velocity of light in any other medium: v (v < c)
- refractive index n = c/v
- c can be related to
0
and
0
- v can be related to and
0 0
1
c
= c
c
1
= v
) 1 ( _
c
+
=
r
n
r
n c ~
- ceramics posess small susceptibilities:
Rahmayeni
Refractive index
Values between ~ 1 and ~ 4
- air: 1.003
- silicate glasses: 1.5 to 1.9
- solid oxide ceramics: ~ 2.7
Dependent on structure-type and packing geometry
- glasses and cubic crystals: n is independent of direction
- other crystal systems: n larger in closed-packed directions
- SiO
2
: glass
= 1.46, tridymite = 1.47, cristobaltite = 1.49
quartz = 1.55
Rahmayeni
Cristalline silicate vs glass
TEM images
Quartz
Addition of large ions
(Pb, Ba) to
SiO
2
structures
increases n significantly
Rahmayeni
Refractive index
Mechanical distortions of isotopic glasses changes n
- tensile stress: lower n normal to direction of applied stress
- compression: higher n normal to direction of applied stress
n dependent on frequency of light
Dense flint glass
Light flint glass
Borosilicate glass
Wavelength (m)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
Hydrogen F Hydrogen C
Sodium D
Dense flint glass
Light flint glass
Borosilicate glass
Wavelength (m)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
Hydrogen F Hydrogen C
Sodium D
d
dn
Dispersion =
Rahmayeni
Reflection and refraction
Incident beam Reflected beam
Vacuum or air
Glass
Refracted beam
i
i
r
Incident beam Reflected beam
Vacuum or air
Glass
Refracted beam
i
i
r
n can be expressed with the
angles of incidence and
refraction
r
i
n
u
u
sin
sin
=
n can be used to describe reflectivity R
2
2
0
) 1 (
) 1 (
+
= =
n
n
I
I
R
R
n and R vary with wavelength
Rahmayeni
Rahmayeni
Absorbance and color
Non-reflected light can be transmitted or absorbed
Absorption process is a function of energy (wavelength)
Absorption: fractional change of light intensity
dx
dt
dI
| =
Absorption coefficient is a material property
and a function of the wavelength
t
|
k 4
=
Absorption of photon: excitation of electron from valence to
conduction band. Only if photon energy > band gap
Magnitude of band gap determines if the material
- does not absorb (transparent)
- absorbs certain wavelength (opaque)
g
E h > v
Rahmayeni
Penyerapan intrinsik
Kekuatan dissipasi per volume dalam dielektrik
ditunjukan dengan :
2
o o
' '
e dc
2
o ac V
E ) k (
2
1
E
2
1
P c e + o = o =
dx
dI
P
v
=
intensitas cahaya pada medium yang mempunyai indek bias
dinyatakan sebagai :
2
cE n
I
2
0 o
c
=
I
c
I 2
dI
a
o =
ek
=
) x exp(
I
I
a
o
T
o =
dimana x = panjang optic dan o
a
= konstanta penyerapan =
c
2ek
Rahmayeni
Absorban oleh ion pengotor
I c
dx
dI
i BL
c =
) cix ( exp
I
I
BL
O
T
c =
) cix ( exp
I
I
BL
O
T
c =
Ion pengotor dari material dapat menyerap cahaya
secara selektif pada panjang gelombang spesifik
(khromophor ).
BL
c
adalah konstanta yang tergantung pada pengotor dan
medium/ koefisien penyerapan linear/ koefisien pemadaman
Rahmayeni
Absorbance and color
Absorption of certain
wavelength results in
color
Ruby
Sapphire
Al
2
O
3
with traces
of Ti
3+
Cr
3+
(m)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
(
%
)
Ruby
Sapphire
Al
2
O
3
with traces
of Ti
3+
Cr
3+
(m) (m)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
(
%
)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
(
%
)
Ruby: Corundum structure
with point defects of Cr
3+
Filled valence band
Empty conduction band
Generating color in ceramics:
Addition of transition elements
with incomplete d band filling
V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni
Rahmayeni
Light scattering in solids
Pore (n=1)
Incident light ray
Scattered light ray Glass or ceramic
(n>1)
Pore (n=1)
Incident light ray
Scattered light ray Glass or ceramic
(n>1)
Some inherently transparent materials
appear milky: translucency
Scattering
- Pores (n
pore
< n
solid
)
- second-phase particles (SnO
2
) (n
2nd phase
> n
solid
)
Rahmayeni
Summary
Absorption, Transmission, Reflection
Origin of colors in metals and ceramics
Refractive index
Light scattering