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Rahmayeni

Based on: B.S. Mitchell, An introduction to materials


engineering and science for chemical and materials engineers
pp644-659
Rahmayeni
Optical devices
Examples: mirrors, lenses, beam splitters, photovoltaic devices
Rahmayeni
Optical Properties of Materials
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation (light) with a material

Absorption
Reflection
Transmission
1 = I
A
/I
0
+ I
R
/I
0
+ I
T
/I
0
1 = A +R +T I
0
= I
A
+ I
R
+ I
T
Total Intensity / Initial Intensity I
0

Suatu material tidak dapat sekaligus bersifat highly
absorptive, reflective and transmissive
Absorptivity
Reflectivity
Transmissivity
Rahmayeni
Rahmayeni
Optical Properties of Metals and Alloys
Shininess and inability to transmit visible light indicates
high absorption
high reflection
Incident beam Transmitted beam
Reflected beam
I
0
I
R
= I
0
R
I
0
(1 - R) I
0
(1 - R)e
-l
I
0
R(1 - R)e
-l
I
0
(1 - R)
2
e
-l
l
I
0
- I
R
Incident beam Transmitted beam
Reflected beam
I
0
I
R
= I
0
R
I
0
(1 - R) I
0
(1 - R)e
-l
I
0
R(1 - R)e
-l
I
0
(1 - R)
2
e
-l
l
I
0
- I
R
linear absorption coefficient
dx
dt
dI
| =
(up to R = 1)
and R menentukan bagaimana cahaya berinteraksi
dengan material
Rahmayeni
Reflectance and color
UV
Vis
IR
(m)
R

(Hz)
Ag
Au
Cu
Ni
Au
Ag
Cu
Ni
Empty electronic states above occupied levels
Light absorption:
- e
-
promotion
- decay
- reemission
- reflectivity
- dependent on
frequency

- Electronic effects
Rahmayeni
Reflectance and color - Surface texture
Incident light
Specular reflection
Diffuse reflection
True surface
topography
Average surface
Incident light
Specular reflection
Diffuse reflection
True surface
topography
Average surface
Specular reflection
- smooth or mirror-like surface
Rough surface
Incident light
I
0

I = I
0
cos
Rough surface
Incident light
I
0

I = I
0
cos
Diffuse reflectance
- rough surfaces
- at all angles
- I

= I
0
cos
Rahmayeni
Photoelectric effect
h
h
=h
c
W
Vacuum level
KE
V = 0
h
h
=h
c
W
Vacuum level
KE
V = 0
Release of electrons due to absorption of light energy
- potential energy barrier for surface electrons is finite
- critical energy for release: = W - E
f
= h
c

- below
c
: no ejection of photoelectrons
- characteristic measure
Rahmayeni
Photoelectric effect
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Wavelength ()
R
e
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

Na
K
Rb
Cs
Wavelength () Wavelength ()
R
e
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

R
e
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

Photoelectric emission depending on wavelength
- optimal emission at
c

- below
c
: insufficient energy
- above
c
: decrease of electronic excitations efficiency
c

c h
c
h = =
Rahmayeni
Electromagnetic spectrum
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
Visible spectrum
wavelength
Wavelength (m)
Energy (eV)
Frequency (Hz)
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
Visible spectrum
wavelength
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
Visible spectrum
wavelength
Wavelength (m)
Energy (eV)
Frequency (Hz)
Rahmayeni
Optical Properties of ceramics and glasses
Refractive index n
- velocity of light in vacuum: c = 299 792 458 m/s
- velocity of light in any other medium: v (v < c)
- refractive index n = c/v

- c can be related to
0
and
0
- v can be related to and
0 0
1
c
= c
c
1
= v
) 1 ( _
c
+
=
r
n
r
n c ~
- ceramics posess small susceptibilities:
Rahmayeni
Refractive index
Values between ~ 1 and ~ 4
- air: 1.003
- silicate glasses: 1.5 to 1.9
- solid oxide ceramics: ~ 2.7
Dependent on structure-type and packing geometry
- glasses and cubic crystals: n is independent of direction
- other crystal systems: n larger in closed-packed directions
- SiO
2
: glass

= 1.46, tridymite = 1.47, cristobaltite = 1.49
quartz = 1.55

Rahmayeni
Cristalline silicate vs glass
TEM images
Quartz
Addition of large ions
(Pb, Ba) to
SiO
2
structures
increases n significantly
Rahmayeni
Refractive index
Mechanical distortions of isotopic glasses changes n
- tensile stress: lower n normal to direction of applied stress
- compression: higher n normal to direction of applied stress
n dependent on frequency of light
Dense flint glass
Light flint glass
Borosilicate glass
Wavelength (m)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x
Hydrogen F Hydrogen C
Sodium D
Dense flint glass
Light flint glass
Borosilicate glass
Wavelength (m)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x
Hydrogen F Hydrogen C
Sodium D
d
dn
Dispersion =
Rahmayeni
Reflection and refraction
Incident beam Reflected beam
Vacuum or air
Glass
Refracted beam

i
i

r
Incident beam Reflected beam
Vacuum or air
Glass
Refracted beam

i
i

r
n can be expressed with the
angles of incidence and
refraction
r
i
n
u
u
sin
sin
=
n can be used to describe reflectivity R
2
2
0
) 1 (
) 1 (
+

= =
n
n
I
I
R
R
n and R vary with wavelength
Rahmayeni
Rahmayeni
Absorbance and color
Non-reflected light can be transmitted or absorbed
Absorption process is a function of energy (wavelength)
Absorption: fractional change of light intensity
dx
dt
dI
| =
Absorption coefficient is a material property
and a function of the wavelength

t
|
k 4
=
Absorption of photon: excitation of electron from valence to
conduction band. Only if photon energy > band gap
Magnitude of band gap determines if the material
- does not absorb (transparent)
- absorbs certain wavelength (opaque)
g
E h > v
Rahmayeni
Penyerapan intrinsik
Kekuatan dissipasi per volume dalam dielektrik
ditunjukan dengan :
2
o o
' '
e dc
2
o ac V
E ) k (
2
1
E
2
1
P c e + o = o =
dx
dI
P
v

=
intensitas cahaya pada medium yang mempunyai indek bias
dinyatakan sebagai :
2
cE n
I
2
0 o
c
=

I
c
I 2
dI
a
o =
ek
=
) x exp(
I
I
a
o
T
o =
dimana x = panjang optic dan o
a
= konstanta penyerapan =
c
2ek
Rahmayeni
Absorban oleh ion pengotor
I c
dx
dI
i BL
c =

) cix ( exp
I
I
BL
O
T
c =
) cix ( exp
I
I
BL
O
T
c =
Ion pengotor dari material dapat menyerap cahaya
secara selektif pada panjang gelombang spesifik
(khromophor ).
BL
c
adalah konstanta yang tergantung pada pengotor dan
medium/ koefisien penyerapan linear/ koefisien pemadaman
Rahmayeni
Absorbance and color
Absorption of certain
wavelength results in
color
Ruby
Sapphire
Al
2
O
3
with traces
of Ti
3+
Cr
3+
(m)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

(
%
)
Ruby
Sapphire
Al
2
O
3
with traces
of Ti
3+
Cr
3+
(m) (m)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

(
%
)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e

(
%
)
Ruby: Corundum structure
with point defects of Cr
3+

Filled valence band
Empty conduction band
Generating color in ceramics:
Addition of transition elements
with incomplete d band filling
V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni
Rahmayeni
Light scattering in solids
Pore (n=1)
Incident light ray
Scattered light ray Glass or ceramic
(n>1)
Pore (n=1)
Incident light ray
Scattered light ray Glass or ceramic
(n>1)
Some inherently transparent materials
appear milky: translucency
Scattering
- Pores (n
pore
< n
solid
)
- second-phase particles (SnO
2
) (n
2nd phase
> n
solid
)
Rahmayeni
Summary
Absorption, Transmission, Reflection
Origin of colors in metals and ceramics
Refractive index
Light scattering

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