What are hormones?

Substance produced by specialized group of cell that are transported in the blood or lymph to modify some genetically-conditioned end organ.

Reproductive hormone general function.

Releasing factor for other hormones. Gonadotropins. Sexual activators (steroid). Pregnancy maintenance.

Hormone regulation in male reproduction

Introduction
The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. As the body's chemical messengers, hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. The hypothalamus, a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.

anatomy of testis

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hormone involve
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Testosterone Inhibin

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how the hormones regulates...

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spermatogenesis
process by which male primordial germ cells called spermatogonia undergo meiosis, and produce a spermatozoa and matured sperm. It starts at puberty and usually continues until death, and the production decreases due to increases of age. it have four processes ; 1. spermatocytogenesis, 2. spermatidogenesis (1 & 2), 3. spermiogenesis, 4. spermiation.
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 occurs in seminifurous tubules ussually it takes 64 to 72 days occurs at low temperature

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1. spermatocytogenesis In spermatocytogenesis, a diploid spermatogonium which resides in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules, divides mitotically to produce two diploid intermediate cells called primary spermatocytes. Each primary spermatocyte then moves into compartment of the seminiferous tubules and duplicates its DNA and subsequently undergoes meiosis I to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes, which will later divide once more into haploid spermatids.
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2. Spermatidogenesis. Spermatidogenesis is the creation of spermatids from secondary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes produced earlier rapidly enter meiosis II and divide to produce haploid spermatids

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3. Spermiogenesis During spermiogenesis, the spermatids begin to grow a tail, and develop a thickened midpiece. Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The Golgi apparatus surrounds the now condensed nucleus, becoming the acrosome. One of the centrioles of the cell elongates to become the tail of the sperm.

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4. spermiation Maturation then takes place under the influence of testosterone, which removes the remaining unnecessary cytoplasm and organelles. The excess cytoplasm, known as residual bodies, is phagocytosed by surrounding Sertoli cells in the testes. The resulting spermatozoa are now mature but lack motility, rendering them sterile. The mature spermatozoa are released from the protective Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule in a process called spermiation.
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diagram of spermatogenesis

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THE HORMONES OF REPRODUCTION IN FEMALE

Organs that produce reproductive hormones.

Hypothalamus. Anterior and posterior pituitary. Gonads. Uterus. Placenta.

Hypothalamus hormones
1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

- induces the release of LH and FSH. 2. Oxytocin (also produce in ovary) -promotes contraction of smooth muscles in: i. alveolus to help milk production. ii.uterus to cause fetal repulsion with the help of estrogen. 3. Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) - inhibit the prolactin

Hormones produces in Anterior of Pituitary

1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates growth and development of follicle. - stimulates production of estrogen by follicle.

2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulates production of estrogen by follicle. - causes ovulation. - formation and secretion of corpus luteum. 3. Prolactin -metabolic hormones. - stimulates milk secretion and maternal behavior. - maintenance of corpus luteum (Luteotropic properties)

Hormones of the Gonads (ovary and placenta)

1. Estrogen

- stimulate tissue growth. - cell uterine (increase uterine). - uterine contraction during delivery. - increase blood flow to vulva and vagina. - stimulate duct growth in mammary gland. Types of estrogen: 1. estradiol from granulosa cells. 2. estrone from placenta. 3. estriol conversion product of the other two. 2. Progesterone - determine of length of cycle. - development of secretory endometrium uterus. - prepared of uterus lining for implantation. - development of alveoli of mammary gland. - slows down contraction of uterus.

Hormones of the Gonads (ovary)

3. Relaxin - dilation of cervix and vagina before parturation. - inhibits uterine contraction. - increase growth in mammary gland. 4. Activin - autocrine and paracrine modulator of production of steroids and other hormones. - stimulates release of FSH from pituitary cells. 5. Inhibin - controls release of FSH. - controls ovulation rate.

Hormones of Placenta
1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone 3. Growth hormone - stimulate milk synthesis. 4. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) - establishment of pregnancy. - involve in implantation, in developing the placenta.

Hormones of Uterus
1. Prostagladins - vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels. - involved with ovulation, parturation. - causes corpus luteum regression. 2. Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) - act with progesterone to induce ovulation.

Hormones during pregnancy

First trimester
Blastocyst growing Progestreone : mucus in the cervix form Placenta grow Uterus get larger Ovulation and menstrual cycling stop (negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary) Growth of mammary gland

Second trimester
hCG : corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone Develop formation of placenta take over the production of progesterone

Third trimester
Estradiol from ovaries induces oxytocin receptors on uterus. Oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract and stimulates placenta to make prostaglandins Prostaglandins stimulates more contraction of uterus.

Effects of Hormones in Pregnancy

Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone (b-HCG )

Its production begins approximately a week after impregnation. Implantation occurs - the secretion of b-HCG starts. This hormone encourages the corpus to produce estrogen and progesterone, and other vital hormones until the formation of the placenta, which then takes over this function. Once this occurs, the levels of b-HCG in the second trimester. Stimulation of the gonad development in the fetus

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS)

Protein hormone produced by placenta during 5 weeks of pregnancy Secreted with large amount by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. levels of fatty acid in the mother, providing alternative energy during pregnancy

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Present in both males and females. Released from the pituitary gland Its secretion is initiated by the surge in levels of estrogen, by the positive feedback effect. Trigger off the ovulation process - release of the egg from the ovary. Converts the residual follicle into corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. Maintains the functioning of the corpus luteum for the first two weeks, ensuring smooth and continuous production of estrogen and progesterone. Its action is regulated by the b-HCG.

Progesterone
Secreted by the corpus luteum. Preparation of the uterus for implantation. Increases the blood supply of the endometrium. It stimulates uterine glands to secrete uterine fluid, which nourishes the embryo. Progesterone levels , menstruation stop, and prevents any further eggs from being released. Maintains the functioning of the placenta and protects the fetus. Stimulates the growth of the mammary gland, while preventing lactation until birth. Makes the pelvic wall stronger for labor Prevents the uterus from contracting until the baby is fully developed. After pregnancy, progesterone levels .

Estrogen
Secreted by the corpus luteum, until the placenta takes over. Creates the glands that are present in the endometrium, which secretes the uterine fluid. Its levels steadily until birth. Regulates the secretion of progesterone, and other hormones Help in development of fetus

Oxytocin
Contracts the uterus during childbirth Stretches the cervix

Lactation
Main hormones : Prolactin and Oxytocin

PROLACTIN

front portion of the pituitary gland (anterior pituitary gland) Lactotroph cells in the pituitary gland produce prolactin

 into the bloodstream by exocytosis also produced in the uterus, immune cells, brain, breasts, prostate, skin and adipose tissue. Controled by: dopamine ()= hypothalamus , inhibition estrogen ()= during pregnancy and after

 milk hormone its function to promote milk production

This occurs by binding to mammary epithelial cell receptors, which stimulates synthesis of mRNA of milk proteins

 It takes several minutes of the infant sucking at the breast to cause prolactin secretion important in inhibiting ovulation

Oxytoxin

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 Oxytocin is produced by the neurohypophysis. Opiates and B endorphins released during stress can block the release of oxytocin Suckling at the breast stimulates the neurohypophysis to produce and release oxytocin in an intermittent manner. Oxytocin acts on the breast to produce milk ejection or "milk let down."

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 Women who received a saline injection and were distracted during breastfeeding produced less milk than women who were not distracted or women who received an injection of Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) prior to distraction and breastfeeding. Lack of release of oxytocin inhibits the "milk let down" and the milk cannot be removed from the breast
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OTHERS HORMONE INVOLVE IN LACTATION

insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, human growth hormone.

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Summary (in males)

Hormone Gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Target tissue Anterior pituitary Actions Stimulates release of FSH and LH Stimulates development of semeniferous tubules,support spermatogenesis Stimulates interstitial cells(Leydig cells)to secrete testosterone

Testes

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Testes

Hormones

Target tissue

Actions

Testesterone

General

Before birth: stimulates development of primary sex organs and descent of testes into scrotum At puberty: responsible for growth spurt, stimulates development of reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics
In adult: Maintains secondary sex characteristics, stimulates spermatogenesis

Hormone

Target tissue

Actions

Inhibin

Anterior pituitary

Inhibits FSH secretion

Summary (in females)

Hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Target tissue
Anterior pituitary Ovary

Actions
Stimulates release of FSH and LH Stimulates development of follicles and secretion of estrogen

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Ovary

Stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum

Stimulates milk production (after breast has been prepared by estrogen and progesterone

Prolactin

Breast