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Principles of Stability Archimedes Principle Terminology of ships hydrostatics Stability & moments -> staying upright Metacenter, Center of Gravity, Center of Buoyancy, etc. Stability curves
Principles of Stability
Floating object is acted on by forces of gravity and forces of buoyancy Static equilibrium SFi = 0
Archimedes Principle
Law: a body floating or submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the water it displaces Depth to which ship sinks depends on density of water (r = 1 ton/35ft3 seawater)
Archimedes Principle
Ship sinks until weight of water displaced by the underwater volume is equal to the weight of the ship
Wship = rwaterVdisplaced
Archimedes Principle
Forces act everywhere on ship -> too tough to analyze Center of Gravity (G): all gravity forces as one force acting downward through ships geometric center Center of Buoyancy (B): all buoyancy forces as one force acting upward through underwater geometric center
Archimedes Principle
Changes position only by change/shift in mass of ship Does not change position with movement of ship
G with movement of ship -> Changes position underwater geometric center moves Also affected by displacement
Hydrostatics Terminology
Displacement: total weight of ship = total submerged volume of ship (measured in tons) Draft: vertical distance from waterline to keel at deepest point (measured in feet) Reserve Buoyancy: volume of watertight portion of ship above waterline (important factor in ships ability to survive flooding) Freeboard: vertical distance from waterline to main deck (rough indication of reserve buoyancy)
Hydrostatics Terminology
Moments
Distance between the force and axis of rotation is the moment arm
Couple: two forces of equal magnitude in opposite and parallel directions, separated by a perpendicular distance
Moments
Righting moment: tends to return ship to upright position Upsetting moment: tends to overturn ship
Metacenter
Defn: the intersection of two successive lines of action of the force of buoyancy as ship heels through small angles (M)
Metacenter
Determines size of righting/upsetting arm (for angles < 7o) GZ = GM*sinf Large GM -> large righting arm (stiff) Small GM -> small righting arm (tender)
Metacenter
STABLE
UNSTABLE
At this point, we could use lots of trigonometry to determine exact values of forces, etc for all angles -> too much work GM used as a measure of stability up to 7, after that values of GZ are plotted at successive angles to create the stability curve
Stability Curve
Stability Curve
Ships G does not change as angle changes Ships B always at center of underwater portion of hull Ships underwater portion of hull changes as heel angle changes GZ changes as angle changes
Questions?