By: Septi Dewi Rachmawati

Nursing School of Medical Faculty of Brawijaya University

Outline
Why ?

Definition

Standards for CT

Critical Thinking Skills

The process of CT

I. Why we need to be able reason well? Professional decisions depend on a clear understanding of factors and their relationship Actual cases: Improved strategies required Developmental of clinical judgment
Expanding knowledge strategies Critical thinking Clinical Judgment

Clinical Experiences

Clinical reasoning

II. Definition of CT
A multifaceted and complex concept based on reason and reflection, knowledge and instinct derived from experience ...the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments and solve problems (Chance,1986, p. 6) reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do (Ennis, 1992).

III. Standard for CT

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Clarity Vs lack of clarify Specificity Vs vagueness Accuracy Vs Inaccuracy Relevance Vs Irrelevance Adequacy Vs Inadequacy Consistency Vs Inconsistency Logical Vs illogical Depth Vs superficially Completeness Vs Incompleteness Significance Vs triviality

IV. Critical Thinking skills Applying Blooms taxonomy of thinking skills

Know-ledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

List Name Identify Show Define Recognize Recall State Visualize

Summarize Explain Interprete Describe Compare Paraphrase Differentiate Demonstrate Classify

Solve Illustrate Calculate Use Relate Manipulate Apply Modify

Analyze Organize Deduce Constrast Plan

Design Support Write Justify

Evaluate Choose Estimate Judge

Dr. Faciones 2010

Analysis

Interpretion Evaluation

USEFUL REFLECTIVE JUDGEMENT

Inference Self regulation Explanation

The six Critical Thinking Skill

Reading

Listening

Observing

analyzing

Speaking

Writing

How to improve?? To improve critical reading: Highlight the main ideas, join a study group, dialogue with yourself, state in your own words To improve critical listening: Restate the points made with others, focus on what a speaker saying and listen the key points, making notes while listening, asking

To improve critical observing: Remove any restriction, eliminate distraction, ask your self the main points, create new ways, look from outside

How to improve?? To improve critical analyzing: Maintain clear and accurate logic, take all details into consideration, use systematic and scientific based process, use both cognitive and psychomotor skills To improve critical writing: Summarize, reread, ask your self the main points, ask a friend for input

To improve critical speaking: Clear and accurate logic, avoid ambiguousness,practice

V. Major CT Processes

1. Contextual awareness & deciding what to observe and consider 2. Exploring & imaging alternatives 3. Assumption recognition and analysis 4. Reflective scepticism /deciding what to do

1. Contextual awareness & deciding what to

observe and consider

This includes an awareness of whats happening in the context of the situation, including values, cultural issues and environmental influences Sample questions include:

What was going on in the situation that may have influenced the outcome? What factors influenced my behaviour and others behaviour in this situation? What else was happening simultaneously that affected me in this situation

What happened just before this incident that made a difference What emotional responses influenced how I was reacting to the situation What else do I need to know? What information is missing? How do I go about getting the information I need? What about this situation have I seen before? What is different/ dissimilar? Who should have been involved in order to improve the outcome? Whats important and whats not important in this situation? What changes in behaviour alerted me that something was wrong

2. Exploring & imaging alternatives

This involves exploring as many alternatives as you can think of for the given situation Sample questions include:

What is one possible explanation for (insert what is happening)? What are other explanations for ? What is one thing I could do in this situation? What are two more possibilities/ other alternatives? What else would I want to know about this situation?

Are there others who might be able to help me develop more alternatives? Of the possible actions I am considering, which one is most reasonable? Why are the others not as reasonable? Are there other resources that need to be mobilized?

3. Assumption recognition and analysis This involves analyzing assumptions you are making about the situation as well as examining the beliefs that underlie your choices Sample questions include: What has been taken for granted in this situation? Which beliefs/ values are shaping my assumptions? What assumptions contributed to the problem in this situation? What rationale supports my assumptions? How will I know my assumption is correct?

4. Reflective scepticism /deciding what to do

This critical thinking approach involves questioning, analyzing, and reflecting on the rationale for decisions Sample questions include: What else might work in this situation? Am I sure of my interpretation of the situation? What rationale do I have for my decisions? What aspects of this situation require the most careful attention?

 Why was it important to intervere? What got me started taking some action? In priority order, identify what I would do in this situation and why? What priorities were missed? Having decided what was wrong/ happening, what is the best response? What might I delegate in this situation? What was done? Why was it done? What would I do differently after reflecting on this situation?