Mechanical Behaviour Of Materials

Deformation Behaviour of Ceramics and Polymers

23.05.2013

MECHANICAL AND DEFORMATION BEHAVIOURS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS

QUESTION 1
Explain how many type of polymeric materials exist and what makes them different to each other

Types Of Polymers
Polymeric Materials

Thermoplastic

Elastomer

Thermoset

Types Of Polymers
Thermoplastics: Also known as a thermosoftening plastic, is a polymer that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature, and returns to a solid state upon cooling. Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight, whose chains associate through intermolecular forces; Thats mean there is no crosslinking between chains, this property allows thermoplastics to be remolded because the intermolecular interactions spontaneously reform upon cooling.

Types Of Polymers
Thermosets: A type of plastic that is permanently hardened by cooling. Thermosets are heavily cross-linked.

Types of Polymers
Elastomer: A formation of a thermoplastic or thermoset that can stretch and then return to its original shape without permanent deformation. Elastomers are only slightly cross-linked.

Question 2
How many basic stress-strain curve can we see for polymeric materials and explain what kind of mechanical behaviours they will show.

Stress- Strain Curves

 A: Glassy polymers (rigit region) B: Amorf polymers (plastic region) C: Elastomers

Question 3
Expalin Maxwell, Voigt Models with your own words. And scketch loading time graphic for each model.

Question 4
How many types polymeric structure can we see and explain the deformation behaviour for one of them.

Polymeric structures
Amourphous: totally lacking positional order on the molecular scale Semicrystalline: containing both crystalline and amorphous regions in the same sample

Deformation behaviour of Semicrystalline Polymers

Firstly, the deformation is (visco-)elastic,which is caused by straining the inter-lamellar amorphous domains At yield, two lamellar deformation mechanisms occur, The rst mechanism is the chain slipthrough the lamellae, where after the second process of coarse slip of lamellae occurs This intra-crystalline shear results in a fragmentation of the lamellae Subsequently, the lamellae disintegrate and their remains will be transformed into a brillar phase coupled with the appearance of voids in the amorphous layers. Upon further deformation, the brils stretch, causing the chains to align and causing a lateral coalescation of voids, eventually resulting in a macroscopic crack due to breaking bril

Question 5
What is the shrink wrap? What is the material of shrink wrap and what kind of polymer is that? How can you explain the behaviour of shrink wraps under heating via the changes of microstructre

Shrink wrap
Shrink wrap, also shrinkwrap or shrink film, is a material made up of polymer plastic film. When heat is applied, it shrinks tightly over whatever it is covering. Heat can be applied with a hand held heat gun (electric or gas) or the product and film can pass through a heat tunnel on a conveyor.

Shrink Wrap
The most commonly used shrink wrap is polyolefin. It is available in a variety of thicknesses, clarities, strengths and shrink ratios. The two primary films (polyethylene and polypropylen )can be either crosslinked, or non crosslinked. Other shrink films include PVC and several other compositions. Polyethylene:

Polyproplene:

Shrink Wrap
The molecules of a sheet or tube are randomly intertwined like a bowl of spaghetti. The molecules are coiled and twisted and have no particular alignment. However when a draw force is imposed, the amorphous regions of the chains are straightened and aligned to the direction of orientation. By applying proper cooling, the molecules will be frozen in this state until sufficient heat energy is applied to allow the chains to shrink back. One can visualize this phenomenon by stretching a rubber band and dipping it into liquid nitrogen so as to freeze in the stretched state. The band will remain in this state as long as it is kept at sufficiently cold temperatures. However, when enough heat energy is applied, the rubber band will shrink back to its original relaxed state.