Mudlogging Operations

Mudlogging Services
Mohamed Bekhit
14 February 2010
Mud Logging: An Overview
2007 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
What Is Mud Logging?

Mud logging is the process of continuously collecting, recording and analyzing the meaningful solids, fluids, and gasses brought to the surface by mud. Provide comprehensive drilling data parameter recording, monitoring and analysis.
Real-time information service.
Mudlogging Operations Drilling Crew

Rig superintendent (Day toolpusher) Night toolpusher Drillers Assistant drillers
Derrickman
Roughnecks Roustabouts / load handling crew Mechanics and Electricians Catering / living quarters crew
Mudlogging Operations Connection
Adding fresh length (joint or stand) of pipe so that the bit can drill deeper.
While connection check the pit system level and check gas trap level and shakers.
Mudlogging Operations Connection
Mudlogging Operations Tripping

Withdrawing the drillstring is known as (tripping out) and the whole operation of extraction and re-insertion (tripping in) of the drillstring is a round trip.
POOH (pull out of hole) is another expression for tripping out. RIH (run in hole) is another expression for tripping in
Mudlogging Operations POOH
Mudlogging Operations RIH
Mudlogging Operations
Wiper Trip To prevent cuttings build up, esp. in deviated wells
POOH to last casing shoe or to pull out a few stands (10-30 stands)
Back-reaming Continuous rotation of the Drillstring as it is being pulled out of the hole in order to keep the hole clean and maintain the wellbore in gauge
Drilling Fluid Circulating System

1. 2. 3. Suction Pit Mud Pump Standpipe
4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Swivel
Kelly Drillstring and Bit Annulus Return Flowline / Shakers Suction Pit
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Circulating System Shale Shaker
Shale shaker
Possum belly
Flowline
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Lag Time Determination
What is Lag Time
What are the factors affecting Lag Time

How is Lag Time measured How is Lag Time checked
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Lag Time Definition

Lag time is the definite time interval required for pumping drilled cuttings from a particular depth to the surface where they can be collected Always exists Changes continuously as the hole deepens Must be frequently checked and corrected
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Lag Time
Factors Affecting Lag Time Volume of the mud in the Annulus Mud flow rate
Annulus It is the space around a pipe in the wellbore, the outer wall being the wall of either the hole or casing
Sometimes called annular space
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Lag Time
Volume of Mud in the Hole
As hole gets deeper, mud volume increases, therefore, lag time increases As the annular diameter gets larger due to hole washouts the mud volume increases, the lag time increases Mud Flow Rate The faster the mud is pumped the quicker it returns to the surface and hence the lag time is reduced
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Lag Time Measured Using Velocity Method

Annular velocity ann. sec (ft/min) = 24.51 x Q / (D2 d2)
Where,
Q = flow rate (gpm), D = hole or casing ID (ins.), d = DP/DC OD (ins.)
Lag time ann. sec (mins) = Length of annular section / Annular velocity of annular section Lag time (mins) = Lag time ann. sec Lag time (strokes) = Lag time (mins) x spm
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Lag Time Measured Using Volume Method

Annular volume = (D2 d2) x 0.000971 x Length of annular section
or
Annular volume = ((D2 d2) / 1029.4) x Length of annular section
Lag time ann. sec (mins) = Annular volume (bbls) / flow rate (bbls/min)
Lag time (mins) = Lag time ann. sec Disadvantage: affected by flow rate changes
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Lag Time Measured Using Volume Method

Annular volume = (D2 d2) x 0.000971 x Length of annular section or
Annular volume = ((D2 d2) / 1029.4) x Length of annular section

Pump Output (bbls/stroke) = Pump output (gpm) / (spm x 42) Lag time ann. sec (strokes) = Annular volume (bbls) / Pump Output (bbls/stroke)
Advantage: not affected by changes in flow rate
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Well Profile
Depth: 7750 ft Hole size: 8.5 Pump Output: 425 gpm at 100 spm Casing: shoe at 6000 ft 9 5/8 OD; 9 ID
DP:
6350 ft. 5 OD; 4.276 ID DC: 1400 ft. 7 OD; 3.5 ID
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Example #1 (Velocity Method)

Section 1: 24.51 x 425 / (92 - 52) Annular Velocity = 186 ft/min Annular Section = 6000 feet Lag Time for Section = 32.26 minutes
Section 2: 24.51 x 425 / (8.52 - 52) Annular Velocity = 220.46 ft/min Annular Section = 350 feet Lag Time for Section = 1.59 minutes
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Example #1 (Velocity Method)

Section 3: 24.51 x 425 / (8.52 - 72) Annular Velocity = 448 ft/min Annular Section = 1400 feet Lag Time for Section = 3.13 minutes
Total Lag Time = 32.26 + 1.59 + 3.13 = 36.98 minutes
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Example #2 (Volume Method)

Section 1: (92 - 52) x 0.000971 x 6000 Annular volume = 326.25 bbls
Section 2: (8.52 - 52 ) x 0.000971 x 350
Annular volume = 16.05 bbls
Section 3: (8.52 - 72 ) x 0.000971 x 1400 Annular volume = 31.60 bbls
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Example #2 (Volume Method)

Pump output (bbls/min) = 425 gpm/42 = 10.12 bbls/min Pumps are pumping at 100 spm -> Pump output (bbls/stroke)= 10.12/100 = 0.1012 bbls/stroke
Total Lag Time (strokes) = (326.25 + 16.05 + 31.6) / 0.1012 = 374.15 / 0.1012 = 3697 strokes
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Lag Time Check

Under normal circumstances a check should be made every twenty-four hours or 400 ft, whichever comes first. However, if carbide information is required due to suspicions of incorrect lag or washout, then carbides should be run as required A tracer is used to obtain an accurate measurement of lag time Common tracers used are: Calcium carbide (most common) Rice, lentil, cellophane Carbide + water -> acetylene
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Example
Example: Actual strokes from carbide = 5128 strokes Calculations: Down strokes are 1278 strokes.
Lag strokes are 3697 strokes

Pump output is 0.1012 bbls/stroke
Calculate carbide check?
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Collecting a Sample
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Reasons For Sample Collection

Paleontological Analysis Geochemical Analysis
Oil Company Partners

Governmental Requirements Future Reference / Library Samples
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Sample Intervals
Set by the client Common intervals: 5 feet to 30 feet Regardless of the sampling interval, under no circumstances should the Mudloggers neglect their other responsibilities Other times that the sample interval should be shortened:
During coring 1 ft or 0.5 meter intervals Areas of geological interest Changes in drilling parameters (drill breaks / reverse drill breaks, torque changes) Changes in mud properties (viscosity, cut MW, chlorides, etc)
Changes in gas content
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Sample Types
Unwashed Samples
Washed and Dried Samples Geochemical Samples
Paleontological Samples
Metal Shavings Mud Samples
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Sample Collection
Install a sample collection board at the base of the shaker Try to collect from the shaker with the smallest mesh size Samples are taken at regular intervals specified by the client Samples should be taken when changes in ROP, background gas or any other parameter is noticed
When sampling in smaller intervals than required, the sample bags should be progressively filled up
Clean the sample board after a sample is taken
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Sample Catching Board
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Sample Preparation
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Cuttings Examination
Samples are examined under the microscope for:
Lithology
Oil staining Porosity
Objective:
To depict changes of lithology and appearance of new formations
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Cuttings Examination
Sources of Sample Contamination Cavings
Recycled Cuttings Mud Chemicals Cement Metal
Unrepresentative Samples
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Sample Description
Major Functions of Sample Description Allows others to understand the components and structure of the rock and to draw conclusions as to the source, depositional environment and subsequent history of the formation Allows others to recognize the rock whenever it is seen again
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Porosity and Permeability

Porosity is a measure of the volume of void space in the rock. It determines the amount of fluid that is present in a rock. Permeability is a measure of the capacity of a rock for transmitting fluid and it is dependent on effective porosity and the mean size of the individual pore spaces. It has a direct bearing on the amount of fluid that can be recovered.
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Sample Description Format

Rock type / Classification
Color
Texture: Cuttings shape and parting (calcareous and argillaceous lithologies), Grain size, Grain shape or roundness, Sorting, Hardness or induration, Luster / Slaking / Swelling Cementation or matrix Fossils and accessories
Visual structures
Visual porosity Oil show descriptions
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Particle Shape: Roundness vs. Sphericity
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Sorting
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Oil Show Evaluation

Solid Hydrocarbons and Dead Oil
Oil show description

Hydrocarbon Odor Oil Staining Natural Fluorescence Solvent Cut Fluorescence
Other Tests
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Sample Examination Procedure For HC Shows

Take a mud sample, aside from the regular sample or bottoms up sample, when there are significant gas shows. If a significant gas peak arrives in between sampling intervals, a spot sample is caught along with a mud sample.
Pour mud sample into a shallow dish and observe under UV light. If nothing is seen, water is added to the mud and the mixture is stirred. Again the sample is observed under UV light.
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The unwashed sample is also observed under UV light. For the lithological samples, smell the sample first before observing it under the microscope. Observe sample under microscope for staining / bleeding. Place some oil-stained cuttings, if any, into some of the depressions on the spot plate. Observe under microscope.
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Observe sample tray under UV light. Separate some fluorescing grains and place them in the spot plate. Observe the grains that have been selected in Step 6 under the microscope for stains/bleeding. Use the Solvent Cut Test on the samples in the spot plate. Observe under UV light. Observe cutting samples in plain light.
Observe the residue.
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Observing a Sample Under the UV Box
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Order of Oil Show Description

Free oil in mud: amount, intensity and color Petroliferous odor: type and strength
Visible oil staining/bleeding: distribution, intensity and color

Sample Fluorescence: percentage, intensity, color
Solvent cut: speed, character, intensity and color

Cut color and intensity Cut residue (intensity and color)
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Bleeding Core Sample
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Fluorescence: Indication of API Gravity
Gravity (API) < 15 15 - 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 > 45
Color at 3600A Brown Orange Yellow to Green White Blue White to Violet
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Mineral Fluorescence
Rock Type Dolomite, Sandy Limestone Some Limestones (magnesian) Chalk, chalky limestones Paper Shale Fossils Marl, Clay Marl Anhydrite Fluorescence Color yellow, yellowish brown brown purple yellow to coffee brown, greyish yellow-white to yellow-brown yellowish to brownish grey grey brown, greyish, blue
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Solvent Cut or Wet Cut Test

The speed in which the solvent cut occurs yields useful info If the suspected cutting will not initially cut, the test can be repeated. Samples can be dried, crushed or have diluted HCl applied to it The residue oil that remains in the spot plate is the oils natural color Be careful not to get the cutting agent into the rubber of the dropper as it might contaminate the solvent by giving it a pale yellowish fluorescence
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How To Do A Solvent Cut Test

Place a few drops of solvent, enough to immerse the sample, on the sample in the depression in the spot plate or the test tube.
Observe the following:

Cut speed Cut nature Cut color fluorescence and intensity Cut color intensity
Residue color and intensity
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Summary
Lack of visible stain is not conclusive proof of the absence of hydrocarbons Lack of fluorescence is not conclusive proof of the absence of hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon shows will usually give a positive cut fluorescence (wet cut). High gravity hydrocarbons will often give a positive cut fluorescence and/or a residual cut, but will give negative results with all other hydrocarbon detection methods. Minerals which fluoresce will not yield a cut.
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Responsibilities of a Mud Logger

To collect and record all the engineering and geological data obtained while drilling To interpret the acquired data To inform the client of significant changes in the well Maintain good relations with the client and other personnel on the rig Ensure that the unit and equipment are properly maintained and in good working order
To perform all duties in a safe manner
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THE END
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Mudlogging Operations

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Mudlogging Services

Mud Logging: An Overview

2007 Weatherford. All rights reserved.

What Is Mud Logging?

Real-time information service.

2007 Weatherford. All rights reserved.