1.

Understand Rules of GD &T Rule #1 and Rule #2. Understand the concepts of basic dimensions, virtual condition, inner and outer boundary, worst-case boundary and bonus tolerance.

2.

Rules
There are four rules that apply to drawings in general, and to GD&T in particular. They specify some relationships that occur on drawing Symbols, Terms and rules are the basics of GD&T.They are the alphabet, the definitions and the syntax of this language

RULE # 1
When no geometric tolerance is specified, the dimensional tolerance controls the geometric form as well as the size. No element of the feature shall extend beyond the MMC boundary of perfect form. The form tolerance increases as the actual size of the feature departs from MMC towards LMC Rule #1 Rule #1 is referred to as the "Individual Feature of Size Rule." In industry the Rule #1 is paraphrased as perfect form at MMC or the envelope rule. Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its form as well as in its size are allowed.
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Rule#1 applied to an External feature of size

Size and form must allow the part to pass through the boundary

Each two-point measurement must be within the specified tolerance

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Rule#1 applied to an Internal feature of size

Each two-point measurement must be within the specified tolerance

An example of effects of Rule #1 on a planar FOS.

In Rule #1, the words perfect form mean perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and cylindricity. In other words if the feature of size is produced at MMC, it is required to have perfect form TECHNOTE For features of size, where only a tolerance of size is specified, the surfaces shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form at MMC.
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RULE # 2 (1994 standard)

RFS automatically applies to individual tolerances and to datum feature of size. MMC & LMC must be specified where Required.

Rule #2a is an alternative practice of Rule #2 according to which RFS may be specified as a symbol in feature control frames if desired and applicable.

RULE # 3(1982 Standard)

For all other geometric controls, RFS automatically applies

RULE # 4
All geometric tolerances specified for screw threads apply to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch diameter. Exceptions must be specified by a note (such as Major Dia or Minor Dia). All geometric tolerances specified for gears and splines must designate the specific feature (such as Major Dia or Minor Dia) at which each applies.

RULE # 5
Where a datum feature of size is controlled by a geometric tolerance and is specified as a secondary or tertiary datum, the datum applies at virtual condition with respect to orientation.

INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL CONDITION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Definition
Virtual Condition (VC) is a worst-case boundary generated by the collective effects of a feature of size at MMC or at LMC and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
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The VC of a FOS includes effects of the size, orientation, and location for the FOS.
Inner Boundary (IB) is a worst-case boundary generated by the smallest feature of size minus the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).

Outer Boundary (OB) is a worst-case boundary generated by the largest feature of size plus the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).

Worst-Case Boundary (WCB) is a general term to refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the worst-case for assembly. Depending upon the part dimensioning, a worst-case boundary can be a virtual condition, inner boundary, or outer boundary.

Worst-Case Boundary when no Geometric Tolerances are specified.

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MMC Virtual Condition

The virtual condition (or WCB) is the extreme boundary that represents the worst-case for functional requirements, such as clearance or assembly with a mating part.

In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:
VC = MMC + Geometric Tol.

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In the case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:

VC = MMC Geometric Tol.

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RFS inner and outer boundary

When a geometric tolerance that contains no modifiers (RFS default per Rule #2) in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame is applied to a FOS, the inner or outer boundary (or worst-case boundary) of the FOS is affected. In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the OB (or WCB) is determined by the formula:

OB = MMC + Geometric Tol.

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In case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the IB (or WCB) is determined by the formula:

IB = MMC Geometric Tol.

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INTRODUCTION TO BONUS TOLERANCE

When the actual mating size of the FOS departs from MMC (towards LMC) an increase in the stated tolerance- equal to the amount of the departure is permitted. This increase or extra tolerance is called the bonus tolerance.

The bonus tolerance concept applies to any geometric control that uses the MMC (or LMC) modifiers in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame.

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DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES AND DATUM SYSTEMS (PLANAR DATUM)

Set of symbols and rules that communicates to the drawing user how dimensional measurements are to be made.

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WHY DATUM SYSTEM?

First, it allows the designer to specify which part surfaces are to contact the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension. Second, the datum system allows the designer to specify, in which sequence the part is to contact the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension.

BENEFITS OF DATUM SYSTEM

It aids in making repeatable dimensional measurements. It aids in communicating part functional relationships. It aids in making the dimensional measurement as intended by the designer.

CONSEQUENCES
Good parts are rejected Bad parts are accepted
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DATUMS (PLANAR)
DATUM DATUM FEATURE DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR SIMULATED DATUM DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL DATUM SELECTION

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DATUM
A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum feature A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.

DATUM FEATURE
A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the part and contacts a datum.

SIMULATED DATUM
A simulated datum is the plane established by the inspection equipment.

DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR

A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment that includes the gage elements used to establish the simulated datum.

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DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

The symbol used to specify a datum feature on a drawing is called the datum feature symbol.

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DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

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 Datum features are selected on the basis of part function and assembly requirements. Datum features often orient (stabilize) and locate the part in its assembly.

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DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

A datum reference frame is a set of three mutually perpendicular datum planes. The datum reference frame provides direction as well as an origin of dimensional measurements.

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

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DATUM REFERENCE FRAME(contd)

The planes of a datum reference frame have zero perpendicularity tolerance to each other by definition. The 90angle between datum planes are basic.

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DATUM REFERENCE FRAME(contd)

When making a location measurement on a part feature, the six degrees of freedom are restricted by using a datum reference frame. The method of bringing a part into contact with the planes of the datum reference frame has a significant impact on the measurement of the part dimensions. Primary datum: This establishes the orientation of the part(stablise the part )to the datum reference frame. The part contacts the datum plane with at least three points of contact. The primary datum restricts three degree of freedom Secondary datum: This locates the part (restricts part movement) within the datum reference frame. Requires a minimum of two points of contact with the secondary datum. The Secondary datum restricts two additional degree of freedom Tertiary datum: This locates the part(restricts part movement) within the datum reference frame. Requires a minimum of one points of contact with the secondary datum. The tertiary datum restricts the last remaining degree of freedom
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Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Datums

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THE 3-2-1 RULE

The 3-2-1 rule defines the minimum number of points of contact required. The 3-2-1 rule only applies on a part with all planar datums.

Datum-related versus FOS dimensions

Only dimensions that are related to a datum reference frame through geometric tolerances should measure in a datum reference frame. If a dimension is not associated to a datum reference frame with a geometric tolerance, then there is no specification on how to locate the part in the datum frame.
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DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

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Datum-related versus FOS dimensions(contd)

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INTRODUCTION DATUM AXIS AND CENTER PLANE

Here Feature of Size is used as a datum features When a diameter is used as a datum feature, It results in a datum axis When a planar is used as a datum feature, it results in a datum center plane

Describe the datum that results from a FOS datum feature

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3 Ways for representing an axis as datum

Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface of a diameter to specify axis as the datum

Describe the ways to specify an axis as a datum.

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3 Ways for representing an axis as datum (Contd.)

Datum identification symbol can be touching the beginning of a leader line of FOS to specify an datum axis

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3 Ways for representing an axis as datum (Contd.)

Datum identification symbol can be touching the feature control frame to specify an axis or centre plane as datum

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2 Ways for representing a centre plane as datum

Datum identification symbol can be inline with dimension line to specify on axis or centre plane as datum

Describe the ways to specify an centre plane as a datum.

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2 Ways for representing a centre plane as datum (Contd.)

Datum identification symbol can replace one side of the dimension line and arrow head

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Datum Terminology
Datum feature A Datum feature simulator / Gauge element Simulated datum axis A Simulated datum Feature A

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FOS datum feature referenced at MMC

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Datum centre plane MMC primary

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Datum axis MMC secondary

Draw the datum feature simulator for an FOS datum feature (MMC secondary with virtual condition)

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DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

A DATUM TARGET IDENTIFICATION SYMBOL

B DATUM TARGET SYMBOL

A datum target point is specified by an X shaped symbol, consisting of a pair of lines intersecting at 90. Basic dimensions should used be used to locate datum target points relative each other and the other datums on the part.
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DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target point

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DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target areas

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DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

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