MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Module Instructor Engr. Khalid Rehman Department of Electrical Engineering CECOS University of I.T & Emerging Sciences Email: sahibzadaan@gmail.com
Lecture # 04

Co Channel Interference

Co-Channel Interference
Co -channel interference depends on D/R. D - distance between cells using the same frequency. R - radius of each cell. As D/R increases, co-channel interference decreases.

How many co-channel interfering cells are there in first tier?

3

Co-Channel Interference (Contd)

Always 6 in the first tier e.g. N = 3

Co-Channel Interference (Contd)

Co-Channel Interference (Contd)

The ratio of carrier to interference power is given by C / I = carrier power / interference power = C / { I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 } since there are 6 interfering cells in the first tier. a The carrier power is proportional { R } where a = propagation path loss slope determined by the actual terrain environment. It varies between 2 and 5 . A value of 4 is usually assumed for (a) means a=4 Hence for a fully developed system, -a a C/I={R} /{6D } If we assume that all distances DI are the same. a C/I=1/{6(D/R) }
6

Effect of Imperfect Site Location

What is the C/I in this case ?? Hint: Use the same method as did in ideal case.

Solution
C/I = R / {2 (D R) + 2 (D) + 2 (D + R) } -4 -4 -4 = 1 /{ 2 (D/R 1) + 2 (D/R) + 2 (D/R + 1) } For N=7, D/R = (3.N) = 4.5826. C / I = (10 log10 54) or 17 dB i.e. lower than 18 dB. If all the distances are equal to D - R, then -4 -4 C/I = R / 6 (D R) or 28 i.e. 14.5 dB
-4 -4 -4 -4

To further test your patience!!!

1) Obtain C/I for case where three neighbours are at (D+R) & other three are at (D-R)

Now to really add to your agony

2) Obtain C/I for the case where only one neighbour in first tier is at (D+R), all other are at (D-R).
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Home Assignment
If a carrier-to-interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel performance of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (i) a=4, (ii) a=3? Assume that there are six co-channel cells in the first tier, and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Use suitable approximations.

Handoff/Handover Process
Handoff: Changing physical radio channels of network connections involved in a call, while maintaining the call Basic reasons for a handoff
MS moves out of the range of a BTS (signal level becomes too low or error rate becomes too high) Load balancing (traffic in one cell is too high, and shift some MSs to other cells with a lower load) GSM standard identifies about 40 reasons for a handoff!

Handover / Handoff Mechanism

Handover, also known as handoff, is a process to switch an ongoing call from one cell to the adjacent cell as a mobile user approaches the cell boundary. Handover is an automatic process, if the signal strength falls below a threshold level. It is not noticed by the user because it happens very quicklywithin 200 to 300 ms

The need for a handover may be caused by radio, operation and management (O&M), or by traffic. The main reasons are low signal level or high error rate.
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Handover (Contd)
A handover is performed in three stages;
1. The mobile station (MS) continuously gathers information of the received signal level of the base station (BS) with which it is connected, and of all other BTSs it can detect. 2. This information is then averaged to filter out fastfading effects. The averaged data is then passed on to the decision algorithm, which decides if it will request a handover to another station. 3. When it decides to do so, handover is executed by both the old BS and the MS, resulting in a connection to the new BS.
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Handover (Contd)
To prevent handover resulting from temporary fluctuations in the received signal level, the measurements must be averaged. Longer averaging lengths give more reliable handover decisions, but also result in longer handover delays. So its a bit of a trade-off between handover rate & handover delay.
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Phases of Handoff
MONITORING PHASE - measurement of the quality of the current and possible candidate radio links - initiation of a handover when necessary HANDOVER HANDLING PHASE - determination of a new point of attachment - setting up of new links, release of old links - initiation of a possible re-routing procedure

Handoff Types
Intra-cell handoff
narrow-band interference => change carrier frequency controlled by BSC

Inter-cell, intra-BSC handoff

typical handover scenario BSC performs the handover, assigns new radio channel in the new cell, releases the old one

Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handoff

handoff between cells controlled by different BSCs controlled by the MSC

Inter-MSC handoff
handoff between cells belonging to different MSCs controlled by both MSCs

Handoff Types (contd)

Handoff Strategies

Relative signal strength Relative signal strength with threshold Relative signal strength with hysteresis Relative signal strength with hysteresis and threshold Prediction techniques

Intra-MSC Handoff (Mobile Assisted)

Handover Scenario at Cell Boundary

Handoff Based on Receive Level

How to avoid ping-pong problem?

Handoff 1G (Analog) systems

Signal strength measurements made by the BSs and supervised by the MSC BS constantly monitors the signal strengths of all the voice channels Locator receiver measures signal strength of MSs in neighboring cells MSC decides if a handover is necessary

Handoff 2G (Digital) TDMA

Handoff decisions are mobile assisted Every MS measures the received power from surrounding BSs and sends reports to its own BS Handoff is initiated when the power received from a neighbor BS begins to exceed the power from the current BS (by a certain level and/or for a certain period)

Handoff 2G (Digital) CDMA

CDMA uses code to differentiate users Soft handoff: a user keeps records of several neighboring BSs Soft handoff may decrease the handoff blocking probability and handoff delay

Handoff Prioritization
The idea of reserving channels for handoff calls was introduced in the mid 1980s as a way of reducing the handoff call blocking probability Motivation: users find calls blocked in mid-progress a far greater irritant than unsuccessful call attempts. The basic idea is to reserve a certain portion of the total channel pool in a cell for handoff users only.

Performance Metrics
Call blocking probability probability of a new call being blocked Call dropping probability probability that a call is terminated due to a handoff Call completion probability probability that an admitted call is not dropped before it terminates Handoff blocking probability probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed

Performance Metrics (Contd)

Handoff probability probability that a handoff occurs before call termination Rate of handoff number of handoffs per unit time Interruption duration duration of time during a handoff in which a mobile is not connected to either base station Handoff delay distance the mobile moves from the point at which the handoff should occur to the point at which it does occur

Thank You