Computer Programming

How Can You Create Your Own Software?

Chapter 13

Student Learning Outcomes

1. Understand how programmers investigate, analyze, and design software solutions to solve problems 2. Identify the basic coding control structures used in programming 3. Identify various common coding errors 4. Understand how programmers test, implement, and maintain software

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Student Learning Outcomes

5. Discuss programming language generations and characteristics 6. Understand object-oriented programming concepts 7. Discuss programming frameworks, such as Sun Microsystemss Java Platform Technologies and Microsofts .NET

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Introduction
Although you may never write a computer program, you may need a programmer to write or modify one for you. Thus, you should understand how programmers develop programs in order to meet your information requirements.

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13.1 A Programmer's View of Investigation, Analysis, and Design

Investigation
Preliminary phases of the systems development process

Analysis

Design

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Programmers Point of View

Systems Investigation Lay the foundation for a new system Define the problem/opportunity Systems Analysis Focus on information and processing Develop logical specifications Systems Design Convert logical descriptions Focus on physical characteristics
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Systems Investigation

p. 13.391 - Fig. 13.1

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Systems Analysis
1. What information will go into the software

2. How the software will process the information

3. What information the software will generate

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Programmers Tools

Pseudocode

Programmers Tools Used In Systems Analysis

Program Flowcharts

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Pseudocode
Pseudocode
Outline of necessary steps (algorithm)

Use simple English One command per line Boldface important words Start at top Form modules using spaces

p. 13.392 - Fig. 13.2

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Program Flowcharts
Program Flowcharts
Graphical depiction of the detailed steps that software will perform Plots softwares algorithm Uses symbols to outline steps

p. 13.393 - Fig. 13.3

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Systems Design
Input is information that comes from an external source and enters the software

Processing - manages information according to the softwares logic Output is the information software produces after it has processed input

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Input-Process-Output Tables
Convert logical descriptions into software specifications

p. 13.395 - Fig. 13.4

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13.2 Writing Computer Software

How do I Explain My Algorithm to the Computer? -Use a programming language to write (code) the software program

How Do I Tell the Computer How to Read My Algorithm? -Sequential execution is when a computer performs each line of software code in the order it appears

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Control Structures

Control Structures

Sequence Control Structure Selection Control Structure

Repetition Control Structure

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Control Structures
Sequential execution code is executed in order it appears Control structures you specify order in which code is executed
Sequence control structures Selection control structures Repetition control structures

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Sequence Control Structure

Executes software from top to bottom, left to right Enforces sequential execution Present in most programming languages

p. 13.397 - Fig. 13.6

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Selection Control Structure

Tests a condition to decide how a computer will execute software code Uses an existing condition to decide how a computer will execute software Makes a decision based on a condition

p. 13.398 - Fig. 13.7

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Selection Control Structures If-Then-Else Statement

If-then-else statement tests a condition in software code that results in a true or a false

p. 13.398 - Fig. 13.8

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Selection Control Structures

Case control statement tests a condition that can result in more than a true or false answer

p. 13.399 - Fig. 13.9

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Repetition Control Structure

Instructs a piece of software to repeat a series of instructions until it fulfills a condition or while a condition exists Called iteration control or loop

p. 13.400 - Fig. 13.10

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Repetition Control Structures

Do-While Statement

Do-Until Statement

For-Next Statement

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Repetition Control Structures

Do-while statement repeats a portion of code as long as a certain condition exists Do-until statement repeats a portion of code as long as a certain condition doesnt exist (its false) For-next statement repeats a portion of code a precise number of times

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13.3 Testing, Implementing, and Maintaining Software

Systems Development Life Cycle Phases
Construction - phase #4 Implementation - phase #5 Support - phase #6

Phases correspond to programming steps

Testing Implementation Maintenance

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Testing Software
Debugging
Process of finding errors Bugs common name for software errors

Types of errors:
Syntax Errors Run-time Errors Logic Errors

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Syntax Errors Common Causes

Mistakes in a software codes grammar Misspelling a command word Forgetting to close a module

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Run-Time Errors
Mistakes that occur when you run code
Not displaying a window correctly Not matching variables in a calculation Adding a number and a letter is a good example

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Logic Errors
Check for logic errors when you design an algorithm Logic error is a mistake in the way algorithm solves a problem
p. 13.402 - Fig. 13.11
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End User Testing

Users must test software to make sure it meets their needs Acceptance testing - sign off that software works correctly

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Software Development Environment

How Do I Find Errors and Manage My Code?

How Can I Make Sure Theres a Smooth Transition?

How Do I Keep Software Fresh?

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Software Development Environment

Code can be written in a simple text editor such as Notepad Software development environment is an application that provides programming tools
Used to debug software Manages software programs
Powerful programming features Rapid application development (RAD) Computer-aided software engineering tools (CASE)

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Managing Development
RAD uses prototypes to test software components until they meet specifications
CASE tool software applications that help prepare reports, draw program flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes

CVS is an open source software tool that tracks all changes to a projects Code

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Implementing Software
Comments

Documentation

Program Manual User Manual

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Maintaining software
Software Patches
Small fix to a program problem Uses a piece of software code

Software upgrades
Used when patches are no longer enough Substantial revision of existing software Example MS Office 2003 is an upgrade to MS Office XP

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13.4 Programming Language

Machine language
Machine-dependent & low level language Uses binary code

Assembly language
Machine-dependent & low level language Uses words and abbreviations

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Programming Languages

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Programming Languages

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Programming Language Progression

Fourth-Generation Languages

Third-Generation Languages Assembly Language Machine Language

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Machine Language
Machine-dependent language is a programming language that works on a specific computer system and its components A low-level language requires programmers to code at a basic level that a computer can understand Machine-language is a machine-dependent, low-level language that uses binary code to interact with a specific computer system
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Assembly Language
Assembly language is a machinedependent, low-level language that uses words instead of binary numbers to program a specific computer system An assembler is utility program that converts assembly language into machine language that a computer can use to run software

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Assembly Language Program

p. 13.406 - Fig. 13.13

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Third-Generation Languages
Third-Generation Language:
Machine-independent & high-level language Uses human words and symbols Procedural language Examples
COBOL C++ Fortran Java
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Fourth-Generation Languages
Fourth-Generation Language:
Machine-independent High-level language Non procedural Uses human words and symbols Example - SQL

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Programming Language Characteristics

Compiled Interpreted

Scripted

Event-Driven

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Programming Language Characteristics

Compiled
Compiler Source code & object code C++ and Java

Interpreted
Interpreter JavaScript and VBScript

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Programming Language Characteristics

Scripted
Interpreted language that works within another application Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) Macro

Event-driven
Responds to actions users perform on the program
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VBA in Microsoft Excel

p. 13.408 - Fig. 13.14

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13.5 Programming Frameworks

Programming framework is a collection of software tools used to create a complete business solution Two most important programming frameworks:
Suns Java Platform Technologies Microsofts .NET

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Object-Oriented Programming
Objects
Object property Object method

Object class Object instance

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Object-Oriented and Visual Programming

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Java Platform Technologies

Java is an object-oriented 3GL programming language developed by Sun Microsystems Sun developed Java to work on all computer operating systems that can use the Java Virtual Machine Sun has created programming frameworks to help programmers create software solutions for:
Business applications Enterprise software Mobile devices

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Java Platform Technologies

Java Programming Frameworks

J2SE

J2EE

J2ME

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Microsoft .NET
.NET is the next generation of development environments .NET will allow businesses to create applications and systems that work almost anywhere .NET uses a combination of development tools, servers, XML Web services, and smart client software
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Microsoft .NET
Visual Studio .NET is a software development environment that allows programmers to write code in Visual Basic, C++, or C# for the .NET framework

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13.6 Key Terms

Algorithm Assembly language Bug Business logic Computer aided software engineering (CASE) Coding Compiler Control structure Concurrent Versions System (CVS) Documentation Event-driven language Fourth generation language input
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13.6 Key Terms

Integrated development environment (IDE) Interpreter Input-process-output table (IPO) Logic error Machine language Object class Object code Object instance Object method Object property Object-oriented programming (OOP) Output Processing Program flowchart Programming framework
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13.6 Key Terms

Programming language Pseudocode Repetition control structure Run-time error Selection control structure Sequence control structure

Software development environment Software patch Software upgrade Source code Syntax error Technical writer Third generation language User manual
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Review of Concepts
1. Developing Pseudocode to Solve a Business Process
How to sell event tickets

2. Creating the Correct Control Structure 3. Debugging a Software Program

Working with macros

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Hands On Projects E-Commerce

1. Exploring Technical Certifications 2. Buying a Car
Would you buy without first driving one?

3. Renting a Car

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Hands On Projects Ethics, Security & Privacy

1. How Secure Is Your Software?
Do you have bugs?

2. To Install or Not to Install: Thats the Question

Whats your ethical position?

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Hands On Projects on the Web

1. 2. 3. 4. Exploring Programming Frameworks Finding a Programming Job Online Exploring Programming Resources Finding Code on the Web

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Hands On Projects Group Activities

1. 2. 3. 4. Investigating and Designing Solutions Exploring Programming Majors Interviewing a Programmer Deciding on Proprietary versus Open Source Software

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