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SWIMMING POOLS
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INDOOR POOL
Hydraulics is the study and understanding of the behavior of liquids at rest and in motion.
We are concerned with water, and the following characteristics of our application:
Following are step by step instructions to answer these four questions, and, ultimately, determine the proper size pump or filter for virtually any aftermarket installation. Each step is a calculation based on the following example: 5.00 m by 10.00 m rectangular pool, 0.90m. to 1.50m deep . With an existing 1 H.P. pump; filter gauge reads 10 P.S.I. (clean).
1. Pool Capacity
To determine total gallons, we must first calculate the surface area of the pool in square meter: A.Surface Area
Area = R x R x 3.14
Area = L x W
_____________m 2
(surface area )
D. Pool Capacity ________m x 264.171 gallons /m3 = ________ gallons Pool Capacity: 60.00m3 x 264.171gals = 15,850 gallons
Gallons 5,299 7,630 10,039 13,565 8,640 17,168 Gallons 11,880 21,120 26,730 33,000
2. Turnover Rate
Once the pools capacity has been calculated, the next step is to determine how fast the water must be circulated in Gallons Per Minute (GPM), to meet reasonably clean, safe water standards. The recommended minimum standards for swimming pools are not less than the flow rate to provide one (1) full turnover of the pool every twelve (12) hours . However, an eight (8) to ten (10) hour rate is quite common: A.Turnover Rate in Gallons Per Hour (GPH) ____________ gallons _________________ hours = ____________GPH
(pool capacity) (desired turnover time) (turnover rate gallons per hour)
B.Turnover Rate in Gallons Per Minutes (GPM) ______________ gallons/ hour 60 minutes = ______________ GPM (turnover rate (turnover rate gallons per hour) gallons per minute)
Turnover rate : 1,585 gallons per hour 60 = 26 GPM
3. Friction Loss
Everything that the water must pass through within the recirculating system plumbing and equipment - creates resistance, or Head Loss. The sum of all the resistance is called Total Dynamic Head, and is measured in Feet of Head. Often, we are unable to determine the total amount of pipe and fittings in an existing installation its underground. Therefore, what follows is a simplified rule of thumb means of determining Total Dynamic Head. We will need to add the resistance from the vacuum (suction) side of the pump, see A on the next page, (measured in inches of mercury with a vacuum gauge : one (1) inch of mercury = 1.13 feet of water): to the resistance on the pressure side of pump, see B on the next page, (measured in pounds per square inch as of head ), to determine Total Dynamic Head, see C on the next page. Typically, a vacuum reading will not be available: therefore, the table below provides Common Head Loss Factors for todays high efficiency pumps.
A. Friction Loss (Vacuum) ______________ in. mercury x 1.13 ft. of water = ____________ ft. of water
(vacuum reading) (total resistance vacuum)
Or COMMON HEAD LOSS FACTORS Vacuum (At Pump) Assumes 2 suction line, not to exceed 40 long, minimal fittings, one (1) 2 valve and full rated pumps. H.P. Pump 4.5 to 5.5 ft. of water 1 H.P. Pump 7 to 9 ft. of water 1 H.P. Pump 10 to 12.5 ft. of water 2 H.P. Pump 13.5 to 16 ft. of water
B. Friction Loss ( Pressure) _______________ P.S.I. X 2.31 ft. of head/ P.S.I. = ____________ft. of head
( filter- clean) (total resistance pressure)
C. Total Dynamic Head ____________ ft. of water + __________ft. of head = ________ft. of head
(total resistance vacuum) (total resistance- pressure) (total resistance to flow)
1
2 2
50 GPM
85 GPM 125 GPM
65 GPM
105 GPM 150 GPM
Re Cap We now have all of the information necessary to select the proper size pump and / or filter. To re cap, enter the final calculations from the previous three sections in the spaces below, which will see as our road map to sizing: Pool Capacity ___________ gallons Turnover Rate ___________ gallons per minute (GPM) Friction Loss ____________ ft. of head Pool capacity: 15,850 gallons Turnover rate: 24 GPM Friction loss: 32 ft. of head
4. A . Pump Sizing Since the one and only function of the pump is to overcome the total resistance to the flow of the system, proper selection is of utmost importance. A pumps performance data is to provide in GPM (output) vs. Feet of Head (resistance). See the table below for the specific performance data for a Hayward pumps.
Performance Data Pump Pump Output (GPM) vs. Total Resistance to Flow (Feet of Head ) 20 ft. SP2600X5 SP2605X 7 SP2607X 10 SP2610X15 SP2615X20 SP2621X25 SP2607 SP2610 SP2615 SP2621 55 67 85 97 116 109 30ft. 45 58 76 90 111 109 40ft. 29 47 65 80 99 104 50ft. 31 50 67 85 95 60ft. 27 50 70 84 70ft. 10 51 69
4. B. Filtering Sizing A filter, be it D.E, sand or cartridge, has a Design Flow Rate (in Gallons Per Minute GPM), as well as Turnover Rate ( Pool Capacity in Gallons). See the table below for the specific performance data for a Hayward filters . Model Number
S180T S210T S220T S244T S310T
Select S180T (minimum) to adequately filter pool (i.e. 26 vs. 35 GPM turnover rate; will handle pools up to 21, 000 gallons in 10 hours). One additional factor to consider in filter sizing is the bathers load. Busier pools require larger filters. Also, larger filters provide longer cycles, reducing the everyday maintenance required by the consumer during the pool season.
Summary
Using the information in the re-cap section above,
based upon your calculations, choose the desired pump and / or filter model , then select the proper size component to meet the needs of the installation.
It is important to remember that your Turnover Rate
calculation is keyed directly to a specific Total Dynamic Head calculation (i,e ,GPM vs. Feet of Head).If you increase or decrease your GPM for any reason,your resistance will increase or decrease respectively.
The important of proper swimming pool or spa filtration cannot be overstated. The reasons for filtration, to remove insoluble matter such as dirt and algae, and to help produce clear, sparkling water are obvious. Clear water not only looks beautiful, but it is also necessary for health and safety reasons. Much of the material suspended in the water, derived from the plants and animal sources which provides food for bacteria and algae. It is these materials that must be removed if a pool or spa is to be maintained in a safe and sanitary condition. The three most popular types of filtration currently in use in residential pools and spas are HighRate Sand, Cartridge and Diatomaceous Earth (D.E.). Each method of filtration is explained below.
The oldest and most popular method of filtration is sand. Sand filters share two things in common: 1. When in the filtration mode , water always flows from top to bottom; 2. They all have some sort of lateral or underdrain with slots to hold back sand while allowing clean, filtered water to pass through.
High rate sand filters use a special filter sand, normally .45 to .55mm (also known as pool grade #20 silica sand), because it has sharp edges that serve to separate particles, allowing filtration to take place. They operate on the basis of depth filtration; dirt is driven through the sand bed and trapped in the minute spaces between the particles of sand. Initially , a clean sand bed will remove larger particles, and then, as the bed starts to load up, it will remove finer particles.
Cartridge filtration has been available for a relatively long time, but only recently has begun to enjoy rapid growth and acceptance.
When water passes through a cartridge filter, dirt is screened out at the surface of the cartridge element. When clean, the element will trap larger particles, with finer particles being filtered out as the pores of the element become clogged by the larger debris. The cartridge element can be removed and cleaned by pressure washing inside and out using a garden hose.
Many pool professionals consider D.E filtration to be the finest, because it is capable of removing smaller particles than either sand or cartridge. Diatomaceous earth is a porous powder with microscopic openings, that when magnified, looks like a tiny sponges. Clear water can pass through these openings, but particles, as small as one to three microns, are trapped the first pass through the media. All D.E. filters have internal elements that become coated with D.E powder. It is this filter cake that strains dirt, dust, algae and some forms of bacteria from the water. Similar to sand filters, when a D.E. filter becomes dirty, it is cleaned either by backwashing the clogged D.E. to the waste line or regenerating and draining. To restore filtration, a fresh charge of D.E powder is added to the
Filtration Method
Suggested Filtration Rate Residential ( GPM/ ft. 2) 20 1 2 Commercial (GPM / ft.2 ) 15 .375 2
Whatever method of filtration is selected, it is important to remember that filtration alone does not keep water looking its best. Proper water chemistry must also be maintained for safe, clean water. Most pool owner complaints are directly related to water chemistry or improper sizing of filters and pumps rather than equipment failures.
1. CHLORINE :
Chlorine is used as disinfectant or water purifier. Chlorine level must be maintained at reasonable limits (0.6 1.0 readings) to ensure that there is sufficient amount to adequately disinfect the water, but not in excessive amounts which will irritate bathers. Apply chlorine preferably in the evening by hand broadcasting it direct into the water.
2. Ph Muriatic Acid:
Too much acid (low pH) causes irritation to the eyes and mucous membrane, algae prosper and the pool gives off an unpleasant chlorine odor. The pH readings must be between 7.2 7.6 for comfortable swimming. Apply acid one pint at a time by directly pouring it around the pool.
In short, regular chlorine dosages to maintain chlorine readings at 0.6 1.0 and pH at 7.2 7.6 is all that is required to prevent the spread of algae and thus keep the pool sanitary and attractive.
WHAT TO DO:
Maintenance is a matter of good housekeeping. Vacuum, clean the pool floor and brush sides thoroughly every morning. Apply chemicals in the evening and run the filter at least 4 to 6 hours daily. Thats all there is to it.
Pool Gallonage
15,000.00 20,000.00 25,000.00 30,000.00
Amount of Chlorine
3 4 oz. daily 4 6 oz. daily 5 7 oz. daily 6 8 oz. daily 3 5 6
7 8 pints or 4
35,000.00
40,000.00
7 9 oz. daily
8 10 oz. daily
8 pints = 4 quartz = 1 gallon
8 9 pints or 4 qts.
9 10 pints or 5 qts.
Remember, that the above table is only a guide. Your water test kit will tell you when to put chlorine or acid to the pool. So always use the test-kit before adding the chemicals.