CELLS INVOLVED IN INNATE IMMUNITY:The innate immune system comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the

host from infection by other organisms, in a nonspecific manner. This means that the cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way.

THESE CELLS INCLUDE:

Neutrophils Fixed Tissue Macrophages

Natural Killer Cells

Acute Phase Protein Interferons Compliment And Eosinophil

NATURAL KILLER CELLS:NK cells are cytotoxic; small granules in their cytoplasm containing proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes. NK cells are activated in response to interferons,macrophage,cytokines To control their cytotoxic activity, NK cells possess two types of surface receptorsactivating receptors and inhibitory receptors. MHC class I molecules consist of the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. The loss of the MHC class I molecules render the cells vulnerable to NK cell mediated apoptosis.

INTERFERONS:-

IFNs belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines . IFN are released by lymphocytes and are of 3 types. Production of interferons predominantly occurs in response to microbes, such as viruses and bacteria, and their products or tumour cells. An infected cell dies from a cytolyticenzymeprotein kinase R Protein kinase R by a series of reaction reduce protein synthesis of both viral and host genes. Inhibited protein synthesis destroys both the virus and infected host cells. IFNs functions to activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages .

COMPLIMENT SYSTEM:The complement system helps or complements, the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. The system is composed of nearly 30 proteins and work in innate and adaptive immune system . The complement system act in a sequence: One protein activates another and so on. This sequence is called the complement cascade. It consists of a number of small inactive proteins found in the blood, generally synthesized by the liver . When stimulated cause activation of the cell-killing,membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC results in the lysis of pathogen's cell membrane by the help of perforins that form transmembrane channels or cell holes.

Activation of Compliment System: It is activated in three ways: CLASSICAL COMPLIMENT PATHWAY: By exposure to antibodies produced against a specific foreign invader. ALTERNATE OR PROPERDIN PATHWAY: By exposure to partiular carbohydarte chains present on surfaces of microorganism. MANNOSE BINDING WITH LECITHIN PATHWAY: In this pathway, mannose-binding lectin binds to mannose residues on carbohydrate or glycoprotein components of microorganisms including bacteria,fungi and some viruses.

NEUTROPHIL:Neutrophils, along with two other cell types; eosinophils and basophils, are known as granulocytes Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50 to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. Similar to macrophages, neutrophils attack pathogens by activating a respiratory burst

EOSINOPHIL:Eosinophils can ingest bacteria but also target foreign cells that are too large to ingest. Eosinophils contain granules that release enzymes and other toxic substances when foreign cells are encountered. These substances make holes in the target cell's membranes.

They release hydrolytic enzymes,reactive forms of oxygen, and major basic protein; a larvicidal polypeptide.

Mast cells and basophil release eosinophil chemotactic factor to The main products of the neutrophil collect eosinophil at the site of respiratory burst are strong injury. oxidizing agentshydrogen

MACROPHAGES:Macrophages are large eating cells develop from monocytes after they have moved from the bloodstream to the injured tissues. The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria through the generation of a respiratory burst reactive oxygen species Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summons other cells to the site of infection.

ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS:Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteinsinflammation This response is called the acute-phase reaction (also called acute-phase response). In response to injury, local inflammatoryneutrophil granulocytesmacrophagescytokinesinterleukinsIL-1IL-6IL8TNF In response to these cytokines, liver produce a large number of acute-phase reactants. Acute phase protein includes C-reactive protein and mannose binding protein that function to opsonize and activate mannose binding-lecithin pathway of compliment system respectively.

Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines. Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and to promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes. The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialized white blood cells. Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation.

Monocytes and macrophages

Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages Macrophages typically arrive at the inflammatory site 3 to 7 days after neutrophils Macrophage activation results in increased size, plasma membrane area, glucose metabolism, number of lysosomes, and secretory products