Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Basic Physical Principles

Applications to Fluid Power Systems
Objectives
Identify and explain the design and operation of the six basic machines. Describe the factors that affect energy in fluid power systems. Explain how the potential power of a fluid power system is established. Describe the nature of heat and how it is measured in fluid power systems.
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Objectives
Explain the nature of electricity and the basic methods used for electrical measurement. Identify and explain the operation of basic electrical circuits. Name and describe the characteristics associated with the fluids used in fluid power systems.
Simple Machines
Millions of designs of complex machines exist in our society today.
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Simple Machines
However, there are only six basic types of machines:
Lever Inclined plane Wedge Screw Pulley Wheel and axle
6
Simple Machines
Levers
First-class lever
Simple Machines
Levers
Second-class lever
Simple Machines
Levers
Third-class lever
Simple Machines
Inclined plane Wedge
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10
Simple Machines
Screw
11
Simple Machines
Pulley
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12
Simple Machines
Wheel and axle
Creatas
13
Basic Principles of Mechanics

Energy is the capacity to do work
Potential energy is stored energy Kinetic energy which is energy in motion
Force is the overall effort needed to produce, change, or stop motion Pressure is force exerted over a unit area
14
Mechanical Measurements
Torque is a turning or twisting force applied to a shaft
Designated in pound-feet or pound-inches
Work is the application of force through a distance

Designated in foot-pounds or horsepower
15
Power is the rate at which work is performed
Designated in foot-pounds per minute
Mechanical advantage is a relationship between the effort put into a machine and the resistance overcome
Calculated using either the forces or distances involved Expressed as a numeric ratio
16
Mechanical efficiency is a comparison of the work input and work output of a machine
Calculated by dividing the workput of the machine by the work input Expressed as a percentage Always less than 100% due to losses
17
Principles of Heat Transfer

Thermodynamics is the science dealing with the properties of matter related to heat and the conversion of energy from one form to another Heat is kinetic energy
Measured in British thermal units (Btu) or calories
18

Heat is generated in a fluid power system whenever a pressure drop occurs that does not produce work
19

Temperature is determined by the rate of molecular movement within a substance Temperature is measured in degrees
Fahrenheit scale (United States) Celsius scale (everywhere else) Rankine and Kelvin scales (often used for scientific and engineering calculations)
20

Sensible heat can be measured by a thermometer
Felt as hot or cold
Latent heat is the heat needed to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature
Ice to water Water to steam
21

Heat may be moved using three modes of transfer:
Conduction Convection Radiation
22

Conduction involves molecular activity in solids
23

Convection uses physical currents in gases or liquids
24

Radiation transfers heat by the use of electromagnetic waves
25
Electricity and Magnetism

An atom is the smallest identifiable part of an element Composed of:
Electrons () Neutrons (+) Protons (no charge)
26

Electrical flow occurs when electrons leave the outer orbital paths and move other free electrons through the substance with them
27

Magnetism is the ability of a material to attract iron
28

Electrical current can be used to magnetize iron and iron alloys
29

Electricity may be produced using the lines of force that surround a magnet
When an electrical conductor cuts these magnetic lines of force, electricity is produced Electrical output is dependent on the number of lines cut and the speed with which they are cut This is called electromagnetic induction
30

Electricity flowing in a conductor involves:
Electrical current (amperage) Potential (voltage) Resistance (ohms)
The relationship between these elements is stated in Ohms law

Amperage = Volts Ohms I=ER
31

Two types of current flow are used in electrical circuits
Direct current (dc)
Electrons flow in one direction only
Alternating current (ac)

Electrons flow first in one direction, stop, and then reverse their direction of flow
32

Electrical circuits are made up of four basic elements
Conductors Control devices Loading devices Electrical energy source
Electrical circuits may be connected using either a series or parallel format

33

Series circuit places all of the loads on a single current flow path
34

Parallel circuit provides an individual current flow path for each of the loads
35
General Characteristics of Fluids

Liquids and gases are both considered fluids
Each substance is able to flow Each adjusts its shape to fit the container in which it is held
36
General Characteristics of Fluids

Major difference between liquids and gases is compressibility
Liquids act much like a solid Gases change volume when pressurized
37
Basic Properties of Materials

Specific weight is the weight of a specified volume of a substance at a given temperature and pressure Specific gravity is a comparison of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water
38
Pressure Measurements in Fluids

Several pressure scales are used to indicate the pressure of a fluid
Gauge pressure Absolute pressure Vacuum Head Atmosphere
39
Pressure Measurements in Fluids

Under normal atmospheric pressure:
Gauge pressure scale reads 0 psi Absolute scale reads 14.7 psi
40
Fluid Reactions to Pressure and Temperature

Pascals law is a key principle related to the operation of a fluid power system
States that pressure applied to a confined nonflowing fluid is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid
41

Bernoullis theorem states the total energy in a volume of flowing fluid is the same at every point in its path of flow
42

Ideal gas laws are used in many situations in pneumatic systems
Approximate how real gases react to pressure, temperature, and volume changes Boyles law for constant temperature Charles law for constant pressure Gay-Lussacs law for constant volume General gas law combines all three
43
Review Question
Examine the descriptions below and then identify the basic machine: A. Two inclined planes fastened together. B. A spiral inclined plane. C. A circular form of a lever.
A. Wedge. B. Screw C. Wheel and axle
44
Review Question
Energy in motion is known as _____ energy.
kinetic
45
Review Question
The distance traveled in a standard basic unit of time, such as 3 per second, is known as _____.
velocity
46
Review Question
Name four ways in which heat is generated in a fluid power system.
A) Resistance to fluid flow in pipes and hoses, B) flow over relief valves, C) flow through flow control valves, and D) internal leakage of pumps and motor.
47
Review Question
The two factors that control the amount of electricity produced by electromagnetic induction are _____ and _____. A) The rate of movement of the conductor or the magnetic field and B) the number of magnetic lines of force cut.
48
Review Question
Name the four basic elements of a basic electrical circuit.
A) Electrical conductors, B) control devices, C) loading devices, and D) source of electrical energy.
49
Review Question
The basic concept of _____ law is that pressure applied to a confined, nonflowing fluid is transmitted equally to all points in the fluid. Pascals
50

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Chapter 3

Basic Physical Principles

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Brand X Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Photo courtesy of handiramp.com

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Dynamic Graphics Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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Basic Principles of Mechanics

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Work is the application of force through a distance

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Principles of Heat Transfer

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Principles of Heat Transfer

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Principles of Heat Transfer

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Principles of Heat Transfer

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Principles of Heat Transfer

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Principles of Heat Transfer

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Principles of Heat Transfer

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Principles of Heat Transfer

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Electricity and Magnetism

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Electricity and Magnetism

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Electricity and Magnetism

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