FOREIGN RELATIONS OF PAKISTAN:

DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY:

There are many factors that contribute in shaping of foreign policy of the country. Geography its matters a lot where the country is on the globe, whether protected by oceans deserts and mountains its territory its neighbours and its population. Economic development also plays the greater role in foreign policy as economically develop countries denote greater funds and also influence the international policies. Technology effect the military and economic capabilities so can exercise the influence on foreign policy. Social structure also is important as it depends upon the religion and culture and regions and if they have imbalance in this cant pursue strong influential foreign policy. National capacity also exert influence on foreign policy. It depends upon the military preparedness its military and economic development.

PAKISTAN DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY:

Indian threat: from the day first of the independence of Pakistan ,it was involved with the bitter relation with its neighbouring country and so far three battles had been fought between them. Security threat from the India. Ideological obligation Pakistan being a Islamic country created for the Muslims of the sub continent to practice Islam in their own land so this ideology also determinant for the foreign policy of Pakistan and because of it ,Pakistan has good relations with all Muslim countries. Islamic ideology is a important factor for the determination of the foreign policy of Pakistan as Pakistan came into being on the name of Islam. Economic compulsion Pakistan is a economically poor state so always depends upon the international aid this aid factor is very strong in shaping our policy. Geographical location is also one of the factor which shape the foreign policy of the pakistan.geography is the thing which cannot be changed so location of Pakistan as neighbours country of emerging super power china and also India is important factor which shape its foreign policy.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY:

Preservation of national independence: south Asian Muslims struggle for the independent free nation. And after independence they fought wars against India. Support other nations for self determination: Pakistan always support to the cause of the nation fighting for their right of self determination and freedom. Pakistan successfully supported the independence movement of the countries like Bosnia Palestine. Promotion of international cooperation: Pakistan is also the member of UNO and always supported the policy of resolving international dispute through negotiation. Pakistan used her good offices for conciliation among different countries of the world in many occasions. Regional cooperation: Pakistan always strived hard to establish the good neighbourly relation with the countries of the region. Unity of Muslim world: strengthening ties with the Muslim countries of the world forms an essential part of the ideology.pakistan maintain very cordial relation with all Muslim countries.pakistan is also member of the OIC and all other Islamic forums.

PAKISTAN AND UNITED STATES RELATIONS:

Pakistan relation with the united states developed against the setting of cold war. Pakistan strategic geographic position made it valuable partner in western alliance system to control the spread of communism. In 1954 Pakistan signed a mutual defence agreement with united states and subsequently became a member of the southeast Asia treaty organization SEATO and CENTO.

PAKISTAN AND UNITED STATES RELATIONS:

Pakistan in return received large amounts of economic and military assistance. The programme of assistance continued until the 1965 indo Pakistani war. The united states embargo on arm shipments to Pakistan remained in place during the indo Pakistani war of 1971 and was not lifted until 1975. Despite the united states widely publicized tilt toward Pakistan during the 1971 war Pakistan new leader ZAB, felt betrayed. Bhutto now strove to lessen Pakistan dependence on the united states.

PAKISTAN AND UNITED STATES RELATIONS:

Bhutto called this policy bilateralism which implied neutrality in the cold war with equal treatment accorded both powers. Following the loss of east wing Pakistan withdraw from SEATO and CENTO was disbanded and Pakistan joined the non aligned movement. Zia also continued Bhutto policy of developing Pakistan nuclear capability. In April 1979 president jimmy carter cut off economic assistance to Pakistan under the Symington amendment.

PAKISTAN AND UNITED STATES RELATIONS:

The soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 revive the close relationship between Pakistan and united states. initially however the carter offers US 400million in economic and military aid to Pakistan. A second economic and military assistance programme was announced in 1986, this time for over 4.0 billion. The pressler amendment of 1985 required that if the united states president could not certify to congress on an annual basis that Pakistan did not possess a nuclear weapon united states assistance to that country would be cut off

PAKISTAN AND UNITED STATES RELATIONS:

however with the soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan united states took a harder position on the nuclear weapon issues. In 1990 assistant to Pakistan was subsequently terminated. After 1990 Pakistan retention on the nuclear option became a defining issue in the relation with the united states. The underpinning of the long and close security relationship between the united states and Pakistan existed as of early 1994. By 1998 nuclear explosives Glenn and Symington amendment were again imposed on Pakistan and all military and economic assistance was stopped by USA.

PAKISTAN USA RELATION AFTER 9/11:

When 9/11 2001 event took place USA was more near to India and Pakistan was under sanctions. US blamed Taliban for 9/11 event and demanded Osama bin laden and when Taliban refused to handover Osama then US planned for attack on Afghanistan As Afghanistan is a land locked country and US needed airspace, bases and support from neighbouring countries. Pakistan geostrategic location was more suitable for US and Pakistan needed the economic support.

PAKISTAN USA RELATION AFTER 9/11:

All sanctions on Pakistan were waived by US Economic assistance was also given to Pakistan. Now Pakistan was fully involved in the war, With aid coming to Pakistan caused thousand of civilian lives deterioration of several institutions and even her own sovereignty. This time the expectations of Pakistan was not fulfilled like previous ties between the two countries.

CURRENT SITUATION:
In 2010 drone attacks were increased after attack on the Salala check post Pakistan vacated its shamsi air base from US. Other factors which also cause hurdles in relation are America anti Islamic propaganda. Rift in relation between the countries arise after 2011 because of some incident like Raymond Davis case caused anti American feeling and other cases like salala check post incident and mehran base incident. Osama bin laden was killed in abotabad also caused doubts about Pakistan.

HURDLES AND DIFFICULTIES:

Anti Americanism sentiments are present in Pakistan because of the hostility to policies of US in Pakistan like drone attack etc. Trust deficit is also present between the countries because of the relations like Pakistan relation with china and Iran and USA relation with India and Afghanistan. Nuclear issue is hurdle between their relation as US is not in the favour of Pakistan nuclear programme and always urged the Pakistan to join the NPT and CTBT. the security of Pakistan nuclear weapon also one of the worry of USA.

HURDLES AND DIFFICULTIES:

Increasing Islamic militancy roots back to the 1979 afghan war and these activates are great to Pakistan security and US had concern about it there are many doubt of USA regarding Pakistan security. Ariel drone attacks are one of the reason which disturb the relation of the two countries as these drone attacks violate the Pakistan air space on daily basis, there is a secret agreement between the Pakistan and US .it is not necessary that only militants are affected through it. Pakistan condemn this act but permitted its air bases.

THE NATURE OF RELATIONS:

both countries joined hand in war against terror and Pakistan provided military (air bases and provided 35000 troops)and technical assistance to the America on the war on terror. America gave military aid and also write off loans of various kinds.US assistance to Pakistan since 2002 is 8-5 billion but economic loss of Pakistan is almost 43 billion. Geostrategic location of Pakistan is also important for the USA. Pakistan is surrounded by the countries which plays major parts in world politics. Like India and Afghanistan ,USA need help of Pakistan in Afghanistan which is the landlocked but important country.

PAKISTAN CHINA RELATION:

Pakistan recognized the people republic of china in 1950 .being 3rd non communist state and 1st Muslim state to do so. Bilateral relation were further emphasize at the Bandung conference in 1955 where talks between the two heads of state develop friendly relations between the states. In 1961 Pakistan fathered the relation when it voted for a bill concerning the restoration of china legitimate right in UN. Different agreement was concluded between the two countries like demarcation of boundaries ,and about the air link.

PAKISTAN CHINA RELATION:

China gave assistance to develop mining transport and industry like heavy mechanical complex in taxila ,silk route on Karakorum high way etc. China supported Pakistan in wars against India. China extended its persistent support to the cause of Kashmir . On the whole china has been Pakistan most important source of modern conventional weaponry and vital source of trade and investment. As it provided 500 million dollars for investment. In 2005 china and Pakistan signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation.

PAKISTAN CHINA RELATION:

With Chinese help Pakistan has been able to have Gwader deep seaport. China was initially reluctant to help with the construction of the port to finally agreed to fund it provided that it had sovereign guaranties to the port facilities. Gwader gave a strategic entrance to the Arabian sea and Indian ocean, as the port will enable china to monitor its energy shipments from the Persian gulf and also it is the option of the safer alternative passage for energy imports from central Asia. Heightened co operation with china will facilitate Pakistan objective of positioning itself as central hub for trade and energy transportation in connecting south Asia central Asia and china.

DEFENCE AND NUCLEAR COOPERATION:

China has proven a reliable supplier of weaponry as f7 fighter and JF 17(thunder). and also expanded the military co operation and defence production with regards to the air crafts fighter bombers tanks and heavy artillery. During president Musharraf visit in 2006 china signed a agreement to bring co operation in the peace full application of nuclear power. The projects underway with china's assistance include the Chshma 2 second phase of Gwader port sindak copper mines development. On whole china is involved in 100 on going projects in Pakistan.

PAKISTAN INDIA RELATIONS:

Pakistan came into existence in the result of partition of India. For the Hindus and congress Pakistan was not a viable state and structured out of immense hatred. Immediately after the partition India adopted the measures to destabilise the Pakistan in the economic sector. As they stopped the canal water to destroy agriculture of Pakistan. Even Pakistan purchased water to save their crops. India refused to pay the financial and other assets. India also annexed state of junagarh hyderabad and Kashmir forcibly.

WARS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND INDIA:

India created security problems for Pakistan by military interference in 1965 and 1971. Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to penetrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions,. East Pakistan was occupied mostly by Bengali people. In December 1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon became out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace. The conflict, a brief but bloody war, resulted in an independence of East Pakistan. In the war, the Pakistani army swiftly fell to India, forcing the independence of East Pakistan, which separated and became Bangladesh.

KASHMIR ISSUE:

The dispute over the status of Kashmir, (referred by India as Jammu and Kashmir), an issue since Independence, remains the major stumbling block in their dialogue. India maintains that the entire former princely state is an integral part of the Indian union, while Pakistan insists that UN resolutions calling for self-determination of the people of the state/province must be taken into account. It however refuses to abide by the previous part of the resolution, which calls for it to vacate all territories occupied.

SIACHEN CONFLICT:

The Siachen Conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict between India Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. A cease-fire went into effect in 2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful Operation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and not demarcated area). India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacierSia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.[

KARGIL ISSUE:

During the winter months of 1998-99, the Indian army vacated its posts at very high peaks in Kargil sector in Kashmir as it used to do every year. Pakistani Army intruded across the line of control and occupied the posts. Indian army discovered this in May 1999 when the snow thawed. This resulted in intense fighting between Indian and Pakistani forces, known as the Kargil conflict. Backed by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army regained some of the posts that Pakistan has occupied. Pakistan later withdrew from the remaining portion under international pressure.

BOMBAY ATTACKS:

The 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten Pakistani terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. The sole surviving gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities. In May 2010, an Indian court convicted him on four counts of murder, waging war against India, conspiracy and terrorism offences, and sentenced him to death. India blamed the Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group, for planning and executing the attacks. Islamabad resisted the claims and demanded evidence. India provided evidence in the form of interrogations, weapons, candy wrappers, Pakistani Brand Milk Packets, and telephone sets. Indian officials demanded Pakistan hand over suspects for trial.

INDO PAKISTAN WATER DISPUTE:

Several factors have complicated Indo-Pakistan water sharing relations in the past and will continue to do so in the future. The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between Pakistan and India, brokered by the World Bank Pakistan fears that India has plans to construct 155 hydropower projects on the Indus, Jhelum (74) and Chenab (56), the three rivers that were assigned to Pakistan under the IWT.