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M T N L : AT A GLANCE
MTNL i.e. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited was first set up on April 1, 1986, by the government of India to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expend the telecom network, introduce new services, and to raise the revenue for telecom development need of Indias key metros: Delhi, the political capital and Mumbai, the business capital and till now, MTNL has taken rapid strides to emerge as Indias leading and Asias largest telecom operating companies.
Creation of Mahanagar Telephones Nigam Limited First digital exchange world technology brought to India Largely Scale introduction of push button telephone made dialing easier. Phone Plus services multiplied benefits to telephone users.
2003 2004
Expanded GSM & CDMA capacity by 800,000 lines each (total 1.6 million lines expanded) STD/ISD rates slashed by almost 60%. 2005 Leading market in GSM customer additions. Launched broadband services under the brand name TRI BAND. Floated tender for 1 m illion 3G GSM lines.
initially known as groupe special mobile and was formed in 1982 within Europe to provide seamless roaming. further the name was changed to global system for mobile communication as the international demand was increasing day by day.
today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 184
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America).
WHY GSM????
Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Spectral efficiency ISDN compatibility
GENERATIONS OF GSM
1G only Mobile Voice Services
2G
2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G
GSM CSD
HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS UMTS HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA) also EV-DO
4G
LTE Advanced
GSM STANDARDS
PGSM(primary GSM)-900
EGSM(extended GSM)-900
RGSM(railway GSM)-900
GSM-1800
GSM-1900
Uplink Frequency
890-915 MHz
880-915 MHz
886-915 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
1850-1910 MHz
Downlink Frequency
935-960 MHz
925-960 MHz
931-960 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
1930-1990 MHz
Channel Spacing
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
Duplex Spacing
45 MHz
45 MHz
45 MHz
95 MHz
80 MHz
AFRCN
124
174
144
374
299
890MHz
915MHz
935MHz
960MHz
124
124
CONTD
3. FDD - frequency division duplexing
890MHz 915MHz
935MHz
960MHz
124
124
FREQUENCY REUSE
GSM: 2G ARCHITECTURE
IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) IMSI (international mobile subscriber identity) TMSI (temporary mobile subscriber identity) MSISDN (mobile subscriber ISDN number) MSRN (mobile station roaming number)
GSM: 3G ARCHITECTURE
CONTD
GSM: HANDOVER
1. Softer Handover/ Intra-BSC Handover
CONTD
2. Soft Handover/ Inter-BSC Handover
CONTD
3. Hard Handover/ Inter- MSC Handover
common term for a wireless mobile phone call that is terminated unexpectedly as a result of technical reasons. the dropped-call rate (DCR) is the fraction of the telephone calls which, due to technical reasons, were cut off before the speaking parties had finished their conversation and before one of them had hung up (dropped calls).
if a network is congested. if mobile phone is out of the range of wireless network. if the cell is working on its full capacity during the handover. if there is a problem in signaling. if the signal strength is weak.
CONTD
interference can also be responsible for call dropping. if MS is not working properly. faulty hardware. faulty E1. poor VSWR.
REDUCTION METHODS
Check whether or not there are any alarms in the hardware at that site. Check both the E1s of the site are working properly or not. Check congestion parameters of the site. Check the maximum UPLINK/DOWNLINK channel elements (CE) defined in site. Check the neighbors of the sites (whether they are working properly or not).
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
1. RF Optimization (through RF drive)
Change of frequency Neighbors relations Congestion relief to neighboring sites New BTS is installed after analyzing the traffic or KPI. BTS Up gradation: Equipage of new hardware (TCH increases) Checking other hardware at BTS : Repairing faulty hardware
CONTD
2. Parameters modification at OMC
Half rate Congestion relief Increasing and decreasing SDCCH/TCH as per requirements after analyzing KPI Removing interference by RF frequency Defining neighbors
Interference on idle mode <= 10. Path Balance : 100-120 Voice call /data call /video call drop rate <= 3%. Maximum number of SDCCH <= 48.
REFERENCES
http://delhi.mtnl.net.in/glance/index.htm MOTOROLA cellular infrastructure group; CP02: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CELLULAR for training purpose only; issue 5, revision 4; Motorola LTD 1999; pp. 1-7, 3-2 to 3-41. GSM overview + Network Elements; ITTM MTNL Delhi; August 22, 2011; pp. 1 to 6. TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA;Telecomunicazioni, Undergraduate course in Electrical Engineering; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy; 2007-2008; pp. 2, 17, 26. Prof. Jeffrey G. Andrews; Code Division Multiple Access for Wireless Communications; Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG); Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Texas at Austin; pp. 2 to 6. Alarape Moshood Alabi, Akinwale Adio Taofiki, Folorunso Olusegun; A Combined Scheme for Controlling GSM Network Calls Congestion; International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887); Volume 14 No.3, January 2011. Nathaniel S. Tarkaa, Joseph M. Mom, Cosmas I. Ani; Drop Call Probability Factors in Cellular Networks; International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 10, October-2011. Cristovao Oliveira; GSM System Handover; Computer Science Department Faculty of Science and Technology New University of Lisbon Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica November 11, 2003; pp. 2 to 3.
THANK YOU!!!
ANY QUERY???