Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Technnology Training Session 5 SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR CSP PLANTS

By Manuel A. Silva Prez silva@esi.us.es

May 5, 2010
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons

SOLAR RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT FOR CSP PLANTS

Manuel A. Silva Prez Group of Thermodynamics and Renewable Energy ETSI University of Seville

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-courselesson-5-assessing-solar-resource-csp-plants

CONTENTS
Understanding the solar resource for CSP plants Solar radiation measurement and estimation Solar radiation databases Statistical characterization of the solar resource. Typical meteorological years Solar resource assessment for CSP plants

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UNDERSTANDING THE SOLAR RESOURCE

FOR

CSP PLANTS
Mass: Diameter: Area: Volume: Average density: Angular diameter: Average distance to earth: Equivalent Temperature: Power: Irradiance: 1,99 x 1030 kg 1,392 x 109 m 6,087 x 1018 m2 1,412 x 1027 m3 1,41 x 103 kg/m3 31 59,3 1,496 x 1011 m = 1 AU 5777 K 3,86 x 1026 W 6,35 x 107 W/m2

The Sun as an energy source

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THE SUN AS A BLACKBODY

2500

Visible
2000

UV
1500

IR

Extraterrestrial solar spectrum Blackbody @ 5777 K

I 0 n

(Wm-2 m-1)
1000

500

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

(m)

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/standards/am0/wehrli1985.new.html
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INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLAR RADIATION AND THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE

Rayleigh diffusion Beam irradiance

Mie diffusion

Diffuse irradiance

Beam irradiance Albedo irradiance

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INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLAR RADIATION AND THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE

2000 Extraterrestre 5777 K In Idh IT

1500

W/m m

1000

500

0 0,3 1,3 2,3 3,3 Longitud de onda (micras)

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/standards/am0/wehrli1985.new.html
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INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLAR RADIATION AND THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE

(Cloudless sky)
100% Absorption % 1 Air molecules

Reflection to space %
0.1 a 10

8
Dust, aerosols 1 to 5 Moisture 2 to 10 11% to 23% 5

Diffuse % 0.5 to 10

Beam 83% to 56% 5% a 15%

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SOLAR RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS CYCLES

Daily
Day night Modulation of solar radiation during the day

Seasonal

Modulation of solar radiation during the year

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SOLAR RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS LOW DENSITY

Maximum value < 1367 W/m2

Large areas required for solar energy applications Concentration increases energy power density. Only the direct (beam) component can be concentrated

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SOLAR RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS GEOGRAPHY

Cloudless sky: Solar radiation depends mainly on latitude.

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SOLAR RADIATION CAHRACTERISITICS RANDOM COMPONENT

Solar radiation is modulated by meteorological conditions CLOUDS Local climatic characteristics have to be taken into account!

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Solar radiation measurement

Meteorological Station at the Seville Engineering School (since 1984)

Solar radiation measurement

Sunshine duration

Campbell Stokes heliograph

2

1000 800

Global irradiance

W/m

600 400 200 0

Pyranometer
1000 800

12

16

20

24

Hora Solar

W/m

Diffuse irradiance Shaded Pyranometer

600 400 200 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Hora Solar

1000 800
2

Beam irradiance

W/m

600 400 200

Pyrheliometer

0
0 4

12

12

16

16

20

20

24
24

Hora Hora Solar

Solar

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Measurement of Solar Radiation

Broad-band global solar irradiance: Pyranometer Measures energy incident on a flat surface, usually horizontal Response decreases approximately as the cosine of the angle of incidence. Diffuse radiation is measured with a pyranometer and a shading device (disc, shadow ring, or band) that excludes direct solar radiation

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DIRECT NORMAL (BEAM) IRRADIANCE MEASUREMENT

5.7

Easy to model Sensitive to attenuation It is the main component under clear sky

Measurement Precise calibration (absolute cavity- radiometer) Requires continuous tracking

Eppley Labs pyrheliometer (NIP) & tracker

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QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLAR RADIATION DATA

Different procedures, all based on data filtering by:

Comparison with physical constraints, other measurements, models. Visual inspection by experienced staff

An example follows (see also http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/qc_tnd/ for a different, more exhaustive procedure)

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QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLAR RADIATION DATA

Physically Possible Limits Extremely Rare Limits Comparisons vs other measurements Comparisons vs model Visual inspection

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FILTER 5: VISUAL INSPECTION

1400

1200

1000

irradiancias W/m2

800

IDmedida ig id

600

400

200

0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

hora solar

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TIME OFFSET

Incorrect time stamp

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 t1 -8 torto -4 -2 0 0 2 4 Ig horas sol

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 t1 t1' -4 -2 t2 0 0 2 4 t2' tocaso 6 Ig horas sol Igcorregida

t2 tocaso dt 6 8
-8

-6 dm

-6 torto

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CLASSICAL ESTIMATION OF SOLAR RADIATION

Models depend on the variable to estimate and on the available data and their characteristics: Estimation of daily or monthly global horizontal or direct normal irradiation from sunshine duration Estimation of hourly values from daily values of global horizontal irradiation Estimation of global irradiation on tilted surfaces Estimation of the beam component from global horizontal irradiation Etc.

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ESTIMATION OF DAILY OR MONTHLY GLOBAL

HORIZONTAL IRRADIATION FROM SUNSHINE DURATION

Angstrom type formulas H/H0 = a + b (s/s0) Where

H is the monthly average daily global irradiation on a horizontal surface H0 is the monthly average daily extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface s is the monthly average daily number of hours of bright sunshine, s0 is the monthly average daily maximum number of hours f possible sunshine a and b are regression constants
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ESTIMATION OF DIRECT NORMAL IRRADIATION

FROM SUNSHINE DURATION

1000 900 800 700

Ebn / Wm-2

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

hora solar / h
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Decomposition models (estimation of beam and diffuse components from global horizontal)
Daily or hourly global horizontal irradiation values

Kd 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 Kt 0.6 0.8 1

Daily or hourly Diffuse values

KT =

Hg,0

Ho

Kd =

Hd,0 Hg,0

Hb,0 = Hg,0 - Hg,0

KD KT MODELS
Modelos Kt-Kd diarios
1.2

0.8

Kd

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Kt Collares Muneer Liu-Jordan GTER00-05 Ruth and Chant GTERD00-05 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

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SOLAR RADIATION ESTIMATION FROM SATELLITE IMAGES

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SOLAR RADIATION ESTIMATION FROM SATELLITE IMAGES

Energy balance

I 0 e I s Ea Et

1 I 0e I s Ea Ig 1 A

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THE SATELLITE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES

In meteorology studies frequent and high density observations on the Earth's surface are required. Conventional systems do not provide a global cover. An important tool to analyse the distribution of the climatic system are the METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES. These can be:

Polar Geostationary: In Europe, the system o geostationary meteorological satellites is METEOSAT

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METHODOLOGY ADVANTAGES
The geostationary satellites show simultaneously wide areas. The information of these satellites is always referred to the same window. It is possible to analyse past climate using satellite images of previous years. The utilisation of the same detector to evaluate the radiation in different places.

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METHODOLOGY DISADVANTAGES
The range of the brilliance values of cloud cover (90-255) and of the soils (30-100) overlap. The digital conversion results in imprecision for low values of brilliance. The image information is related to an instant, while the radiation data is estimated in a hourly or daily period. The spectral response of the detector is not in the same range of that of conventional pyranometers.

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METHODOLOGY PHYSICAL AND STATISTICAL MODELS

The purpose of all models is the estimation of the solar global irradiation on every pixel of the image. The existing models are classified in: physical and statistical depending of the nature of the apporach to evaluate the interaction between the solar radiation and the atmosphere. Both types of models show similar error ranges.

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METHODOLOGY PHYSICAL AND STATISTICAL MODELS

STATISTICAL MODELS

Based on relationships (usually statistical regressions) between pyranometric data and the digital count of the satellite. This relation is used to calculate the global radiation from the digital count of the satellite. Simple and easy to apply. They do not need meteorological measurements. The main limitations are:

The needed of ground data. The lack of universality.

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METHODOLOGY PHYSICAL AND STATISTICAL MODELS

PHYSICAL MODELS

Based on the physics of the atmosphere. They consider:

The absorption and scatter coefficients of the atmospheric components. The albedo of the clouds and their absorption coefficients. The ground albedo.

Physical models do not need ground data and are universal models.
Need atmospheric measurements.

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DATA BASES AND TOOLS

EUROPE

HELIOCLIM1 Y HELIOCLIM.

ESRA (European Solar Radiation Atlas). PVGIS (Photovoltaic Gis)

http://www.helioclim.net/index.html http://www.soda-is.com/eng/index.html
http://www.helioclim.net/esra/

SOLEMI (Solar Energy Mining)

http://re.jrc.cec.eu.int/pvgis/pv/ http://www.solemi.de/home.html

USA

National Solar Radiation Database

WORLD

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3 NASA http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/

METEONORM.

WRDC (World Radiation Data Centre)

http://www.meteotest.ch/en/mn_home?w=ber http://wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/

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THE NATIONAL SOLAR RADIATION DATABASE. TMY3

The TMY3s are data sets of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a 1-year period. Their intended use is for computer simulations of solar energy conversion systems and building systems to facilitate performance comparisons of different system types, configurations, and locations in the United States and its territories. Because they represent typical rather than extreme conditions, they are not suited for designing systems to meet the worst-case conditions occurring at a location. rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3.

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

SOLAR RESOURCE

The statistical characterization of solar radiation requires long series of MEASURED data
Sunshine hours good availability Global horizontal (GH) good availability Direct Normal (DNI) poor availability

The statistical distribution of solar radiation depends on the aggregation periods

Monthly and yearly values of global irradiation have normal distribution The distribution of yearly values of DNI is not normal (Weibul?)

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SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR CSP PLANTS

1.

Estimate the solar resource from readily available information (expertise required!)
1
1 2

Surface measurements Satellite estimates Sunshine hours Qualitative information

On site Nearby

2 3 4

2.

Set up a measurement station

1. 2. 3. 4.

3.

Maintain the station (frequent cleaning!)

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Datalogger Pyrheliometer Pyranometer (global and diffuse) Meteo (wind, temperature, RH)

SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR CSP PLANTS

5.

6.

Perfom quality control of measured data Compare estimates with measurements and assess solar resource (DNI, Global)
After 1 year of on-site measurements 1 year is not significant:

long term estimates should prevail Analysis must be made by experts

7.

Elaborate design year(s) from measured data

Time series -1 year- of hourly or n-minute values

Typical P50 Pxx

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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