Chapter 14: Part 2

The Brain and Cranial

The Cerebrum

 “seat of intelligence”
 Cerebral cortex- gray matter.
 Gyri-
 Sulci-
 Longitudinal fissure-
 Cerebral hemispheres-
The Cerebrum
The Cerebrum
Lobes of the Cerebrum

 Four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe,

temporal lobe and occipital lobe.
 Central sulcus- separates the frontal
and parietal lobes.
 Precentral gyrus- primary motor area.
 Postcentral gyrus- primary
somatosensory area.
Cerebral white matter
 Commissural tracts- Corpus callosum:
 Association tracts-
 Projection tracts-
Basal Ganglia

 Three nuclei deep within each

cerebral hemisphere make up basal
ganglia.
 They are globus pallidus, putamen,
and caudate nucleus.
 Help initiate and terminate
movements, suppress unwanted
movements and regulate muscle
tone.
Basal Ganglia
The Limbic System

A ring of structures on the inner

border of the cerebrum and floor of
the diencephalon.
 Includes cingulate gyrus,
hippocampus, dentate gyrus,
amygdala, mammillary bodies,
thalamus, and the olfactory bulb.
 “emotional brain” as it governs
emotional aspects of behavior.
 Also involved in olfaction and
memory.
The Limbic System
Functional Organization of
the Cerebral Cortex: Sensory
Areas
 Primary somatosensory area-
postcentral gyrus.
 Primary visual area- occipital lobe.
 Primary auditory area- temporal lobe.
 Primary gustatory area- base of the
postcentral gyrus.
 Primary olfactory area- temporal
lobe.
Functional Organization of
the Cerebral Cortex:
Sensory Areas
 Functional Organization of
the Cerebral Cortex: Motor
Areas
Primary motor area- precentral gyrus.
 Broca’s speech area- left cerebral
hemisphere.
Functional Organization of
the Cerebral Cortex:
Association Areas
 Somatosensory association area-
posterior to primary somatosensory
area.
 Visual association area- occipital
lobe.
 Auditory association area- temporal
lobe.
 Wernicke’s area- left temporal and
parietal lobes.
 Prefrontal cortex- anterior portion of
Hemispheric
Lateralization
 Brain Waves
Electroencephalogr
am: Recording of
the electrical
activity within the
brain.
 Alpha waves
 Beta waves
 Theta waves
 Delta waves
Cranial Nerves

 12 pairs.

 Sensory, motor and mixed nerves.

 Nameas well as roman numeric

numbers to identify the nerves.
Olfactory (I) Nerve

 Sensory nerve.
 Sense of smell.
 Olfactory cells
converge to
become olfactory
 Optic (II) Nerve

 Sensory nerve.
 Ganglion cells in
the retina of each
eye join to form an
optic nerve.
 Nerve of vision.
Oculomotor (III) Nerve
Trochlear (IV) Nerve

 Motor cranial
nerve.
 Smallest of the 12
cranial nerves.
 Origin: midbrain.
 Controls movement
of the eyeball.
 Trigeminal (V) nerve

 Largest cranial
nerve.
 Mixed nerve.
 Three branches:
opthalmic,
maxillary and
mandibular. Deal
with sensation of
touch, pain and
temperature.
 Motor axons supply
muscles of
mastication.
 Abducens (VI) Nerve

 Motor cranial
nerve.
 Originates from the
pons.
 Cause abduction of
the eyeball (lateral
rotation).
 Facial (VII) Nerve

 Mixed cranial
nerve.
 Sensory portion
extends from
the taste buds
of the anterior
two-thirds of the
tongue.
 Motor portion
arises from the
pons and deal
with facial
expression.
 Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Nerve
 Sensory cranial
nerve.
 Originates in
the inner ear.
 Vestibular
branch carries
impulses for
equilibrium.
 Cochlear
branch carries
impulses for
 Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Nerve
 Mixed cranial
nerve.
 Sensory axons
carry signals
from the taste
buds of the
posterior one-
third of the
tongue.
 Motor neurons
arise from the
medulla and
deal with the
release of
saliva.
Vagus (X) Nerve
Vagus (X) Nerve
 Mixed cranial nerve.
 Distributed from the head and neck
into the thorax and abdomen.
 Sensory neurons deal with a variety
of sensations such as proprioception,
and stretching.
 Motor neurons arise from the medulla
and supply muscles of the pharynx,
larynx, and soft palate that are
involved in swallowing and
vocalization.
 Accessory (XI) Nerve

 Motor cranial
nerve.
 Divided into
cranial
accessory and
spinal accessory
nerves.
 Supplies
sternocleidomas
toid and
trapezius
muscles to
coordinate head
movements.
 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
 Motor cranial nerve.
 Conduct nerve impulses for speech and
swallowing.
End of Chapter 14, Part
2