PHYS120003.

06 General Physics
Prof. Wei-Tao Liu
Physics department

Fall 2012

2012/12/28

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Lecture 24: Outline
Induction (Chapter 22)
Induced emf and magnetic flux (Chapter 23.1) Lenzs law (Chapter 22.2) Motional emf (Chapter 22.3) Eddy current (Chapter 22.4) Electric generator (Chapter 22.5) Transformers (Chapter 22.7)

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Induction
the production of an electromotive force (emf) hence an electric current across a conductor moving through a magnetic field. Current only
Emfs must be induced by a changing magnetic field.
flows when the magnetic bar is inserted or retracted.

The change in magnetic field can either be its direction or magnitude.

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Induction (contd)
Current only flows when the switch is switched on or off.

Current only flows when the metal wheel spins.

Current only flows when the magnetic field strength changes.

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Magnetic flux
Definition: product between an area and the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to it.

= cos
With one magnetic field line denoting the field intensity of 1 Tesla/m2, the flux equals the number of magnetic field lines enclosed by the area. The flux contains information of both the magnitude ( ) and direction () of the magnetic field.

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Lenzs Law
The emf in a conductor induced by a changing magnetic field:

=
Again, the emf is induced only by a changing magnetic field. The emf is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux varies.

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Lenzs Law (contd)
The - sign: the induced emf always conteracts with the change of magnetic field
A conductor always tries to maintain the magnetic flux in it. A negative feedback process a manifestation of the conservation of energy.

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Lenzs Law (contd)

Example 22.1, pg. 566

Determine the magnetic flux in the loop of interest. Determine how the magnetic flux changes. Determine the direction of the induced magnetic field that opposes the previous change. Determine the induced emf responsible for the induced field.

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Motional emf
Emf induced due to the motion of the rod is:

= = =

A force of = is caused in the opposite direction of = = conservation of energy!

Example 22.2, pg. 568

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Motional emf
For an open loop, the emf can still be induced without a flowing current.
The emf is induced in a conductor by cutting the field lines. E.g., a tethered Satellite in the Earth magnetic field.

20 km tether

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Eddy currents
The current loop caused by the motional emf. Magnetic damping Metal detections

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Electric generators
Electric generators induce an emf by rotating coils in magnetic fields.
Other forms of energy, such as the hydropower, are used to rotate the coil, which then transforms the input energy to electric energy (the emf). Overall, no energy is created from nothing, the total energy is still conserved.

Example 22.3, pg. 570

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Electric generators (contd)
AC generators

= 2 = 2sin = 2sin =
2

= sin

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Electric generators (contd)
DC generators

Example 22.4, pg. 572

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Transformers
The output voltage from the secondary coil:

= =

With 100% efficiency: = = Examples 22.5, 22.6, pgs. 574-575

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HW #9 (Not due)
Induction: Conceptual questions: 22.1, 22.3, 22.4, 22.8, 22.11 Problems: 22.1, 22.7, 22.17, 22.26, 22.39