Rates Of Reaction

Flow Of Learning

Meaning Of Rate Of Reaction

MEASUREMENT OF RATES OF REACTION:

Plot graph of quantity of product / reactant against time Calculate the average rate of reaction Calculate the rate of reaction at the specific time from the graph.

-The meaning of Collision Theory.

-To explain how each factor increases

EXPLANATION FOR THE RATE OF REACTION BASED ON COLLISION THEORY :
Particle

Size Concentration Temperature Catalyst

Is proven by
Experiment On Effect Of Surface Area Experiment On Effect Of Concentration Experiment On Effect Of Temperature Experiment On Effect Of Catalyst

Application of The Rate Of reaction In daily Activities

Meaning rate of reaction

Observable changes in quantity that use to determine rate of reaction

Unit for rate of reaction

Rate Of Reaction
Measurement Rate Of Reaction

Avarage rate of reaction

Factors that affect rate of reaction

Rate Of reaction at specific time

Rate
Speed = total Distance/Total time
J.B

K.L

Speed=
=
= 300km/h

Speed=
= = 100km/h

Reaction Types
Chemical Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma

2 1

Li

+1

P+1

P+1

Reactivity
Combustibility Gas formation Precipitate
Color change

Chemical properties/ changes/ reactions

(i.e., reactivity, combustibility). development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).

 Hydrogen-VERY reactive. Helium-Non-reactive.

The speeds of reactions are very varied

Rusting is a slow reaction, you hardly see any change looking at it! The weathering of rocks is an extremely very slow reaction.

weathering of rocks

The fermentation of sugar to alcohol is quite slow but you can see the carbon dioxide bubbles forming in the 'froth' in a laboratory experiment or beer making in industry!

Bubble gas

A faster reaction example is magnesium reacting with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen or the even faster reaction between sodium and water to form sodium hydroxide. Combustion reactions e.g. when a fuel burns in air or oxygen, is a very fast reaction.

Combustibility The tendency to react with Oxygen, releasing heat.

O2

BURNING

evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color

Meaning Of Rate Of Reactions

The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in the quantity of reactant or product against time:

Rate Of Reaction= Change in quantity of reactant / product Time taken

Student ans: Changes of reactant or product against time (0 Mark)

Meaning Of Rate Of Reaction

A rate of reaction is high if the reaction occurs fast within a short period of time.. A rate of reaction is low if the reaction occurs slowly within a long period of time.. A rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time: Rate of reaction 1 time taken

Meaning Of Rate Of Reactions

The Higher rate of reaction the shorter time taken to granule complete the reaction The lower rate of reaction the longer time taken to complete reaction
Which is the higher rate of reaction?

powder

5 minute

1 minute

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Observable Changes Measurement Of Reaction Changes of mass
Rate of reaction =

Z gs-

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Observable Changes Changes of volume Measurement Of Reaction
Rate of reaction =

Z cm3s-

Observable changes
The change in amount of reactant / product that can be measured : Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of the reactant per unit of time. Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of the product of reaction per unit of time Total volume of the gas released. Formation of precipitate.

Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of the reactant per unit of time.

Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of the product of reaction per unit of time

Total volume of the gas released.

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Delivery tube Conical flask

burette

water

Must shade!

Formation of precipitate.
Na2SO3+2HClNaCl+S+SO2+H20
PERCIPITATE

stopwatch

Precipitate the
formation of insoluble ionic compounds.
Does NOT dissolve in water.

Example: Study the reaction: Between calcium carbonate and excess 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloride acid. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Mass of CaCO3 (g)
Concentration of HCl (mole dm-3)

time (s)

time (s)

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Concentration of CaCl2 (mole dm-3)
Volume of CO2 (cm3)

time (s)

time (s)

Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

stopwatch

Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Hydrometer

Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Hydrometer

Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Displacement Of water

Remember !!!
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Quantities of reactant will decreases against time Quantities of product will increases against time

Measurement Rate Of Reaction

Two ways to measure rate of reaction. 1. Average Rate Of Reaction. : It is determined by calculating the total amount of reactant used or the total amount of product formed in a specific time. 2. Rate Of Reaction at a specific time : It is determined by calculating the gradient of the graph at the time.

Introduction to the Rate of Reaction

1. A reaction between small pieces of excess calcium carbonate with 80 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.05M is conducted a laboratory to study the rate of reaction at interval time. The volume of gas released is recorded in the table below.
Time (seconds) 0 30 60
Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5

90 120 150 180 210 240 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

40

40

30

30

37.00cm3

27.00cm3

Volume : 37-27=10 cm3

(a)
Draw an apparatus to shows how this experiment can be conducted at laboratory.

Must label the diagram!

x
x

(b)
Write a balance chemical equation for this reaction. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

(c)
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2H++2Cl- Ca2++2Cl- + H2O + CO2

CaCO3 + 2H++ Ca2++ H2O + CO2

Remember !!! Only separate soluble salt
Dont separate covalent and

insoluble salt

(d)
Carbon dioxide gas

(e)
A reaction between small pieces of excess calcium carbonate with 80 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.05M is conducted a laboratory to study the rate of reaction at interval time.

Number of mole in the solution will use :

Mol, n = MV 1000 =

0.05(80)

1000 = 0.004 mol

(f)
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
From the chemical equation :
Mole Ratios: 2 mol HCl : 1 mol CO2 0.004 mol HCl :

0.004 mol HCl

2 mol HCl = 0.002 mol CO2

1 mol CO2

Volume of gas Co2 at room condition

= 0.00224
3 = 0.048 dm

(g)
Because some of carbon dioxide gas can escape to surrounding during the experiment.

(h)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 90 16.0 33.5 120 10.5 39 150 5.0 44.5 180 2.0 47.5 210 2.0 47.5 240 2.0 47.5

Time(second)

30 y 33.5

60 z 23.5

90

120

Burette x reading(cm3) 49.5 Total volume x-x of gas(cm3) 0.00

x-y x-z 16.00 26.00

Volume of CO2, cm3

50

45

40

35

30

25

Connect

20

15

10

the point without using ruler! Not all the point is connected

0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Time , s

Volume of CO2 cm3

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

Cannot like this graph Straight line Its must be smooth graph

15

10

0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Time s

(i)

Average Rate Of reaction

The average rate of reaction in the first 90 seconds.
= The total volume of gas released in the first 90 seconds Time taken
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 90 16.0 33.5 120 10.5 39 150 5.0 44.5 180 2.0 47.5 210 2.0 47.5 240 2.0 47.5

3 -1 33.590=0.372 cm s

unit

Not cm3 per second

i(ii)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 90 16.0 33.5 120 10.5 39 150 5.0 44.5 180 2.0 47.5 210 2.0 47.5 240 2.0 47.5

The average rate of reaction in the whole experiment.

= The total volume of gas released in the whole experiment Time taken

3 -1 47.5180= 0.264 cm s

(h)
Volume of gas against time y x How to fit your scale in graph? For y: use ratio 5: 10 Check its enough by 510=0.5

Maximum volume 47.50.5=95 small boxes

How about x:?

3010=3

Maximum 2403=80 small boxes

Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB

Total volume of Hydrogen gas/cm3

B

= p/q cm3 s-1

Tangent is a line that touch just 1 point of graph in order to calculate gradient

Cannot take directly at x

t

Time (second)

Tangent

Cannot touch more than 2 point because each of point have different gradient

Only touch 1 point of curve

50

45

40

35

Same length

30

25

20

15

10

Same angle degree

0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Analysis of data
Total Volume of CO2(cm3)
F
D E

Rate of reaction at t1 = gradient AB Rate of reaction at t2 = gradient CD Rate of reaction at t3 = gradient EF

B
C

Each of point have different gradient!

t1 t2 t3

Time (second)

Two method to calculate tangent: Total volume of Hydrogen gas/cm3

B

number of small

boxes value of 1 small unit box

Y

Time (second)

First Method
Gradient of graph:

Total volume of Hydrogen gas/cm3

B

m=

Y X

y2

m=

Y2-y1 X2-x1

y1

x1

x2

Time (second)

Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB

Total volume of Hydrogen gas/cm3

B

= p/q cm3 s-1

Time (second)

Analysis of data
Total Volume of CO2(cm3)
F
D E

Rate of reaction at t1 = gradient AB Rate of reaction at t2 = gradient CD Rate of reaction at t3 = gradient EF

B
C

t1

t2

t3

Time (second)

(j)
From the answer of question (i) (iii) and (i) (iv), make a conclusion from the calculation of this experiment.

Ans : Rate of reaction will decreases

(k)
Explain why does there is a difference of the rate of reaction at 30 second and 120 second.

Ans: Rate of reaction at 30 second is higher because number of particles of reactant is higher than 120 second

(l)
In your opinion, what will happen to the rate of reaction if, The concentration of acid is increased. A calcium carbonate powder is used in this experiment. The volume of acid is increased. The temperature of acid is increased. A bigger conical flask is used. The conical flask containing acid is shaken.