Today s Topics

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

AIRPORT DEMAND

PLANNING AIRPORT SCHEDULING

PLANNING EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Background of Air Transport Growth

Air Transport Growth depends on Economic Development of a place.
Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

As Economic Growth pattern has followed a dissimilar pattern between different continents as well as different areas within the boundaries of a particular country growth of Airports/Air Transport Services also follows a dissimilar pattern. USA & Europe Encountered HIR traffic growth problems earlier and hence had to develop solution to newly arising problem for which no solutions were readily available.

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Factors Causing Rapid Growth

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Technological Advancement Larger Size of Aircraft Growth in Developing Countries International nature of business Acceptance of Technically skilled personnel Though Western Countries have been applying a variety of statistical demography other mathematical modeling surveying and other techniques in general the forcasts of traffic demand have often been found to be gross over or under estimates

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Practice in India

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

However demand analysis however imperfect becomes necessary for :

Assisting manufacturers Assisting airline effect acquisition & mix Central govt. to plan Airports (Runway, Taxiway, Apron, Air routes, Airspace, Terminals , Parking Stands)

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Conventional Methods of Forecasting Demand

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Judgment Expectation of experienced persons in airlines

Trend Extrapolation based of historical data

Econometric Models

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Capacity
CAPACITY IS RATE TO HANDLE AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS. Sometimes it an also be rate of passenger, baggage or vehicle operating capacity. Throughput capacity: is ultimate rate at which aircraft operations may be handled without regard to small delays that might occur due to imperfections in operations or small random events. Practical capacity: number of operations accommodated over time expressed in terms of maximum acceptable average delay. FAA uses practical hourly capacity and practical annual capacity. Capacity is not constant but changes depending on operating conditions

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Factors Effecting Trend

Economic Factors (GNP reduce to particular areas) Demographic Factors
Population Urbanization Education Job Type Labour Migration Flows Visiting Friends & Relatives

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Supply Factors
Cost / Per KM Regularity, Reliability, Frequency Comfort Value of Price & Time Saved

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Increase in size
Cost Input Factors (Fuel + Taxes) Capacity Constraint

Fares
Environmental Regulation Cargo

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By Shyam Sunder Singh

Slot Allocation
Arrival / Departure time at Parking Stand
Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Ideally an airline should be free to plan its arrival & departure. Many Places / Times Demand Exceeds capacity.

Components of Airports Capacity

Runway Capacity
Runway Beginning Connected Exit Taxiways (Rapid Exit) Same Direction Traffic Runway Surface Conditions Visibility Unidirectional flow pattern Type of Aircraft Pilot Reaction Time Frequency Congestion Navigational & Surveillance aids

Parking Stand Capacity. Terminal building Capacity.

By Shyam Sunder Singh

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Need for Slot Allocation

Airline Perspective
Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Traffic demand. Availability utilization. Crew FDTL. Time for ground handling.

Staff availability.
Maintain timely arrival departures.

Airport Operators / AIRLINE perspective

Spread slots evenly to avoid delay and passenger convenience. Keep a good image of the airport. To keep movements within available capacity.
By Shyam Sunder Singh
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Mechanism of Delay

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Take Hypothetical case

Capacity 30 movement / per hour i.e. Movement interval = 2 min

If every aircraft is scheduled at interval of 2 minutes No delay to anybody

If all aircraft want to operate together a) First Aircraft operates without delay

b) Last aircraft delayed for about an hour In practice (a) becomes nearly impossible Evenly spreading arrival departures results in minimization of delays

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Procedures for International Airlines

Proposed by scheduling deptt. of international airline. Twice a year summer & winter schedules. Proposals submitted to IATA Designated co-ordinator for India i.e, Air India. Proposal discussed by schedule approval committee under Chairmanship ED (ops) AAI. Members from DGCA, BCAS, Immigration, Customers AIR INDIA and Indian Airlines. Airlines Requests normally accommodated is within airport capacity. If not practicable alternate slots offered. Co-ordination for runway capacity of all Airports & Terminal and apron capacity of Non Metro Airport done with ED (ATM) AAI. Indira Gandhi (New Delhi), CST (Mumbai) HIAL & BIAL airport are with private operators their view also taken into account. Slots / Offers discussed in IATA schedule conference. Subsequent requests for changes examined. Subsequent changes are processed and along similar lines. ED (ATM) is consulted by private airport operators for runway capacity. IATA guidelines are being followed for domestic slot allocation also. 12 page
By Shyam Sunder Singh

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Factors affecting Slot Allocation

Historicity.
Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Onward Connection.
Market demand. Crew availability & FDTL. Availability of aircraft. Grand time of aircraft. Govt. direction. Weather Condition. Restriction from defence for civil flights. Manpower. Slot offered by defence authorities by AAI and cleared if found acceptable. Slot allocation conveyed to DGCA for acceptance of schedules.
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Slot Allocation Procedure for Domestic Airlines

File schedules with DGCA respective Airport operators and also to BCAS AAI
IAF (IAF Airports) Indian Navy (Goa, Vizag, Portblair) DIAL, MIAL, CIAL, BIAL, HIAL

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

Twice a Year Examined with a view of complying

Within available capacity Watch hours Security (CISF, State govt.)

Airports either approve or offer alternate timing Approved & offered slope discussed in a meeting of all airlines DGCA, BCAS and various airport operators Finalized proposals sent to DGCA for approval
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Causes for delays

Preference for METRO aircraft - one end always in METRO. Early morning departure & Late night arrival. Competition to operate at same time. Mix of small & large aircraft. Delay at one place has cascading effect. Snags, operational, maintenance, crew availability, FDTL etc. Weather. Watch hrs constraints. Airport connection from small cities. Airport maintenance. Limited availability of defense airport for civil flights. Restrictions at defense airports. Onward connection. Long gestation period for infrastructure. Bunching of flight as explained in mechanism for delays.
By Shyam Sunder Singh

Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

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Airport Development, Capacity & Slot Allocation

By Shyam Sunder Singh

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