BIOMEKANIKA

Zaenal M SOFRO, MD.,AIFM., SPORT & CIRC.MED. Bag.Ilmu Faal FK.UGM

Section Outline
Human Strength and Power
Basic Definitions Biomechanical Factors in Human Strength
Neural Control Muscle Cross-Sectional Area Arrangement of Muscle Fibers Muscle Length Joint Angle Muscle Contraction Velocity Joint Angular Velocity Strength-to-Mass Ratio Body Size

Human Strength and Power

Basic Definitions
strength: The capacity to exert force at any given speed. power: The mathematical product of force and velocity at whatever speed.

Human Strength and Power

Biomechanical Factors in Human Strength
Neural Control
Muscle force is greater when: (a) more motor units are involved in a contraction, (b) the motor units are greater in size, or (c) the rate of firing is faster.

Muscle Cross-Sectional Area

The force a muscle can exert is related to its crosssectional area rather than to its volume.

Arrangement of Muscle Fibers

Variation exists in the arrangement and alignment of sarcomeres in relation to the long axis of the muscle.

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.10

Musculoskeletal System
Levers of the Musculoskeletal System
Many muscles in the body do not act through levers. Body movements directly involved in sport and exercise primarily act through the bony levers of the skeleton. A lever is a rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate.

A Lever
The lever can transmit force tangential to the arc of rotation from one contact point along the objects length to another. FA = force applied to the lever; MAF = moment arm of the applied force; FR = force resisting the levers rotation; MRF = moment arm of the resistive force. The lever applies a force on the object equal in magnitude to but opposite in direction from FR.

Muscles and Body Movements

Slide 6.30b

Moment Arm and Mechanical Advantage

During elbow flexion with the biceps muscle, the perpendicular distance from the joint axis of rotation to the tendons line of action varies throughout the range of joint motion. When the moment arm (M) is shorter, there is less mechanical advantage.

Figure 4.7

Moment Arm
As a weight is lifted, the moment arm (M) through which the weight acts, and thus the resistive torque, changes with the horizontal distance from the weight to the elbow.

Figure 4.8

Human Strength and Power

Biomechanical Factors in Human Strength
Muscle Length
At resting length: actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other; maximal number of potential cross-bridge sites are available; the muscle can generate the greatest force. When stretched: a smaller proportion of the actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other; fewer potential cross-bridge sites are available; the muscle cannot generate as much force. When contracted: the actin filaments overlap; the number of cross-bridge sites is reduced; there is decreased force generation capability.

Muscle Length and Actin and Myosin Interaction

The slide shows the interaction between actin and myosin filaments when the muscle is at its resting length and when it is contracted or stretched. Muscle force capability is greatest when the muscle is at its resting length because of increased opportunity for actin-myosin crossbridges.

Human Strength and Power

Biomechanical Factors in Human Strength
Joint Angle
Amount of torque depends on force versus muscle length, leverage, type of exercise, the body joint in question, the muscles used at that joint, and the speed of contraction.

Muscle Contraction Velocity

Nonlinear, but in general, the force capability of muscle declines as the velocity of contraction increases.

Joint Angular Velocity

There are three types of muscle action.

Key Term
concentric muscle action: A muscle action in which the muscle shortens because the con-tractile force is greater than the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it are greater than the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.

Key Term
eccentric muscle action: A muscle action in which the muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it are less than the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.

Key Term
isometric muscle action: A muscle action in which the muscle length does not change because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it are equal to the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.

Cross-Bridge Formation

The Patella and Mechanical Advantage

(a) The patella increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle group by maintaining the quadriceps tendons distance from the knees axis of rotation. (b) Absence of the patella allows the tendon to fall closer to the knees center of rotation, shortening the moment arm through which the muscle force acts and thereby reducing the muscles mechanical advantage.

Figure 4.6

Reprinted, by permission, from Gowitzke and Milner, 1988.

Vector
Vector represents magnitude & direction of force; polarity if electrical force.
+ +

Lifting and Lifting Models

Biomechanics sees the body as a system of links and joints
Principles of physics applied to determine stress on the body E.G. holding a 4 kg weight forward with elbow at 90 degrees requires the biceps muscle to exert a force of 321 N (74 lbf)

Computer based lifting models are available

NIOSH model See also Chaffin, D., Biomechanical Strength Models in Industry, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ed.), Lewis, Publishers, 1987

Figure 4.15

Pathology of Intervertebral Disc Injury

Extrusion
Fragmentation of nucleus pulposus Nuclear material dissects its way through breaches in annulus fibrosus

Pathology of Intervertebral Disc Injury

Prolapses
Fissures provide pathway for irritating nuclear fluid to escape onto perineural tissue *
Persistent and chronic back pain

* - Hampton et al

Joint Biomechanics: Concerns in Resistance Training Shoulders

The shoulder is prone to injury during weight training because of its structure and the forces to which it is subjected. Warm up with relatively light weights. Follow a program that exercises the shoulders in a balanced way. Exercise at a controlled speed.

Knees
The knee is prone to injury because of its location between two long levers. Minimize the use of wraps.

Joint Biomechanics: Concerns in Resistance Training

How Can Athletes Reduce the Risk of Resistance Training Injuries?
Perform one or more warm-up sets with relatively light weights, particularly for exercises that involve extensive use of the shoulder or knee. Perform basic exercises through a full ROM. Use relatively light weights when introducing new exercises or resuming training after a layoff of two or more weeks.

Joint Biomechanics: Concerns in Resistance Training

How Can Athletes Reduce the Risk of Resistance Training Injuries? (continued)
Never attempt lifting maximal loads without proper preparation, which includes technique instruction in the exercise movement and practice with lighter weights. Performing several variations of an exercise results in more complete muscle development and joint stability. Take care when incorporating plyometric

The main force acting on the body is the gravitational force! (W= weight!) W=mg

Stability of the body against the gravitational force is maintained by the bone structure of the skeleton!

Gravitational force W applies at the center of gravity CG of the body!

CG depends on body mass distribution! to maintain stability CG must be located between feet, if feet are far apart forces in horizontal direction Fx have to be considered

Body movements are controlled by muscle forces, initiated by contraction or extension of the muscles. Skeletal muscles control the movements of the body limbs.

Most of the muscle forces involve levers!

Three examples for lever systems, W is the applied weight, F is the force supporting the pivot point of the lever system, and M is the muscles force.

Thank you!