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OTC000003 WDM Principle

ISSUE 1.21
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With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of the transmission capacity and service categories are becoming bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM technology emerged. What is WDM?

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Understand and master the basic concepts and transmission modes, structure of WDM; Understand WDM transmission media; Understand technical principle and key technologies of WDM; Understand technology specification for WDM system.

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Chapter 1 WDM Overview Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media Chapter 3 WDM Key Technologies Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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Development of DWDM
1. Growth of voice, data, new services 2. Desire for information, communication

1. Developed rapidly :
42.5Gb/s3210Gb/s1.6Tb/s 2. Developing trend: OADM, OXC

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How to increase network capacity

WDM is a quick, economical and mature method

High rate TDM signal STM-1STM-16 STM-64

SDMadd fiber, equipmenttime &cost

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What's WDM

Gas Station

Free Way

Patrol Car

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WDM Concept
Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a fiber

for transmission.

SDH signal IP package ATM cells

1 2 n

1 2

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WDM System Compositions

The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:

Optical wavelength transponder unit (OTU) Optical Multiplexer Unit / optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU) Optical Amplifier (OA) Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

OTU
OTU OTU

O M / O A OSC

OLA

O A / O D OSC

OTU
OTU OTU

OSC

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Transmission modes Unidirectional transmission

Single fiber unidirectional transmission

MUX

DMUX

O T U

O T U

STATION A

STATION B

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Transmission modes - Bi-directional transmission

Single fiber bi-directional transmission

MUX/DMUX

DMUX/MUX

O T U

O T U

STATION A

STATION B

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Application modes - Open system

Access channels DMUX Optical amplifier O T U O T U MUX

Open WDM system has no special requirements for multiplex terminal optical interfaces, the only requirement is that these interfaces meet the optical interface standards defined in ITU-T.

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Application modes - Integrated system

DMUX Optical amplifier MUX Access channels
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Integrated WDM system does not adopt the wavelength conversion

technology, instead, it requires that the wavelength of the optical signals at the multiplex terminal conforms to the specifications for the WDM system.

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Advantages of DWDM
Transparent media Long haul transmission High capacity Use existing optical fibers

High performance-to-cost ratio

Reliability Easy upgrading

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Brief Introduction to CWDM

CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex)

The CWDM greatly reduces the system cost while providing certain amount of wavelengths and transmission distance within 100 km.
Difference between CWDM and DWDM:
Types Channel Spacing Wavelength Range CWDM 20nm 1311~1611nm DWDM 0.4nm or 0.8nm C-band: 1529nm~1561nm L-band: 1570nm~1603nm Transmission Capacity Laser Cost Application 16 * 2.5Gb/s = 40G Uncooled Laser 30% 100km 160 * 10Gb/s = 1600G Cooled Laser expensive 4000km

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Questions
What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
Briefly introduce two transmission modes of WDM equipment. What is the open and integrated system?

Briefly introduce the composition of the WDM system.

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Summary

In this chapter, we have learned :

The basic concepts and principle of WDM

technologies;
The development of WDM technologies;

The working modes, structures and

characteristics of WDM system.

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Chapter 1 WDM Overview Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media Chapter 3 WDM Key Technologies Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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Structure of Optical Fiber

Coating Cladding Core

n2
plastic wear-resisting coating.

n1

Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a

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Attenuation of Optical Fiber

5dB/km 4dB/km 3dB/km 2dB/km 1dB/km Attenuation (dB/km)
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Dispersion

DATA IN

DATA OUT

Input laser

Optical receiver

L
The chromatic dispersion in the fiber causes different wavelengths to travel at different speeds, and propagation delay.

Input laser is not monochromatic, it is composed of many wavelengths or colour.

The different wavelengths arrive at different times to BROAD, smeared, or DISPERSED output pulse.

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Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need dispersion compensation for high rate transmission G.653: Zero dispersion at 1550nm windows.

Dispersion coefficient (ps/nm km)

G.655 fiber with positive dispersion coefficient

G.653 fiber G.652 fiber

G.655 fiber with negative dispersion coefficient

17

1310

1550

Wavelength (nm)

1.Least attenuation & dispersion at 1550nm windows, suitable for DWDM, avoid FWM effectively; 2.TrueWave fiber, LEAF, etc.
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Dispersion Compensation
The pulse will be broadened because of

positive dispersion coefficient positive dispersion slope at 1550nm

DCF has negative dispersion coefficient, it can counteract positive

dispersion in transmission.

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Summary

In this chapter, we have learned :

The basic structures and types of

optical fibers;
The characteristics of optical fibers.

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Chapter 1 WDM Overview Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media Chapter 3 WDM Key Technologies Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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WDM System Key Technologies

Optical Source

Optical Supervisory Technologies

Optical Amplifiers

Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

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Requirements of Optical Source

1) Larger dispersion tolerance value;

2Standard and stable wavelength.

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Laser

Direct modulation Electro-absorption (EA) external modulator Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator

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Direct modulation

modulation current

Output laser is controlled by input current Transmission rate2.5Gb/s

Transmission distance100km

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Electro-absorption (EA) external modulator

modulation current
Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s > 600km) Less chirp High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s: 7200~12800ps/nm) High reliability
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Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator

modulation current

LD

Long dispersion limited distance

High cost Negligible chirp High dispersion tolerance

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Comparision of Modulation

Types Max. dispersion toleration (ps/nm)

Direct Modulator 1200~4000

EA Modulator 7200~12800

M-Z Modulator >12800

Cost

moderate

expensive

very expensive

Wavelength Stability good

better

best

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Optical Amplifiers

Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)

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Erbium-doped Optical Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

E3 excited state
Decay

1550nm signal light

E2 meta-stable state
Stimulated radiation

980nm pump light

1550nm signal light

E1 ground state
Er3+ energy level diagram

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Typical internal structure of EDFA

Signal input

Optical splitter ISO TAP Optical isolator

WDM

WDM Optical coupler

EDF Pumping laser Pumping laser EDF ISO

PD

Signal output

TAP

PD Optical detector

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Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA

Major advantages of EDFA:

Its working wavelength is consistent with the minimum attenuation window of the mono-mode optical fiber . High coupling efficiency. High energy conversion efficiency. High gain, large output power and minimum cross-talk. Stable gain characteristics.
Major disadvantages of EDFA:

The gain wavelength range is fixed. Gain bandwidth unflatness. Optical surge problem.
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Impact of Gain Flatness in Long Haul Transmission

Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness

Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness

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Gain Locking
Drop

>1dB

<0.5dB

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Gain Locking
Add

>1dB

<0.5dB

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The Operating Theory of Raman Fiber Amplifier

Gain
Pump
Stimulated Raman Scattering
30nm 13THz (~100nm)

(SRS)

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Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier

Its gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength. The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself. Low noise .
GAIN PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3

30nm 70~100nm
Span 1 Span k

EDFA

EDFA

transmitting Raman Pump Raman Pump

Receiving

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Advantages and Disadvantages of RFA

Major advantages of RFA:

Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength;

Simple structure of amplifier;

Nonlinear effect can be reduced; Low noise.
Major disadvantages of RFA:

High pump power, low efficiency and high cost; Instantaneous gain, adopting backward pump fashion; Optical components and optical fiber undertake high optical power; Characteristics of gain online are not consistent.
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Application of OA
According to its application:

BA: Booster amplifier LA: Line amplifier PA: Pre-amplifier

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Multiplexer and De-multiplexer

Multilpexer Demultiplexer

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Optical Grating Type DWDM Component

Ultraviolet light interference

1 2 3

Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)

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Dielectric film filter type

1-4

1 filter

Self-focusing lens

1 3 filter 2 3 4
Glass
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Integrated Optical Waveguide type: AWG

Waveguide grating

2
Free space Fan-like waveguide Fan-like waveguide

Small spacing Large number of channels Flat pass-band

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Optical Supervisory Technologies

1Optical Supervisory TechnologiesOSC

2Electrical Supervisory TechnologiesESC

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Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)

Transmit related management , supervision information

Operating wavelength 1510nm Monitoring rate: 2Mb/s Add / Extract

Requirement: Not limit pumping wavelength of OA, not limit 1310nm

service, available when OA fails, long distance transmission

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Typical frame structure of OSC

14

15

16

31

TS0: TS1: TS2:

Frame alignment signal E1 byte F1 byte D1-D12 bytes

TS17: TS18: TS19:

F2 byte F3 byte E2 byte

TS3-TS13, TS15: TS14: ALC byte

Others: Reserved

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OSC transmission

O M

B A

F I U

F I U

P A

O
D

OSC input

OSC output

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Electrical Supervisory Channel (ESC)

The optical transponder unit (OTU) multiplexes the supervisory

information into the service channel for transmission.

The ESC reduces the investment of the OSC. It also deletes the

insertion loss of the FIU. This lowers the cost and the power budget of optical channels.

NMS

NMS

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Questions
What are electro-absorption laser modulation scheme. How many types are there for the wavelength division multiplexer?

What are their individual characteristics?

Which are the kinds of optical amplifiers? Describe gain flat control

and gain lock of EDFA.

What are optical supervisory channel wavelength and supervisory

rate of DWDM?

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Summary

In this chapter, we have learned:

Optical source;

Optical amplifier;
Wavelength division Multiplexer; Optical supervisory channel.

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Chapter 1 WDM Overview Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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Related ITU-T recommendations

G.652 G.655

Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF Relevant recommendations of OA

G.661/G.662/G.663 G.671 G.957

Characteristics of passive optical components Optical interfaces relating to SDH system

G.691

Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64,

STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA

G.692 G.709

Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)

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Definition of Transmission Channel Reference Points

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Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

A fiber has two long wavelength and low loss windows, 1310nm

window and 1550nm window. But the commonly used working wavelength range for the EDFA is 192.1-196.1THz. Therefore the working wavelength area for DWDM system is 192.1-196.1THz.

Nominal central frequency refers to the central

wavelength corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel frequency allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and spacing series of reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum spacing 100GHz or 50GHz.

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Questions
Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part? What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems? What

is their channel spacing?

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Summary

In this chapter, we have learned:

Related ITU-T recommendations Distribution of Optical Wavelength

Areas

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Thank You
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