TOPIC 4

DATA PRESENTATION

MO1

MO2

Module Outcomes: Identify basic mathematical concepts, skills and mathematical techniques for algebra, calculus and data handling. Apply the mathematical calculations, formulas, statistical methods and calculus techniques for problem solving in industry. Analyse calculus and statistical problems in industry.

MO3

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to :
differentiate between ungroup and group data organize data by the ordered array ascending and descending clarify the important terms in the construction of frequency table : class interval, class limit, class boundary, class width and class mark construct a frequency distribution table portray a frequency distribution in a charts :

line charts, bar charts, pie charts

construct histogram and frequency polygon construct a less than cumulative frequency distribution table draw an ogive from the less than cumulative frequency distribution table interpret a practically data presentation

Introduction
STATISTICS???

ORGANIZING

COLLECTING

INTERPRETING

PRESENTING

STATISTICS

ANALYZING

DATA? ??

An item of information obtained from variable.

Data that can be measured Quantitative numerically Heights, weights, prices and etc. Data that cannot assume numerical Qualitative value but can be classified Color, status, race and etc.

Data : QUANTITATIVE
Discrete Assume countable values

QUANTITATIVE
Assume any numerical value over a certain interval or in decimal values

Continuous

Variable

Characteristic of the population under study.

Monthly income

Level of education

Gender

Type of vehicle

Example : Research / Topic of Study Qualification of DRB-Hicom Holding employees for year 2009. Variable Qualification of DRB-Hicom Holding employees Data SPM, Certificate, Diploma, Degree, Master

Population
Population The collection of all elements whose characteristics are being studied

Sample

A portion of population selected by study.

Random sample
A sample selected in a such way that each element of the population has some chance of being selected

Data Presentation
An essential step before further statistical analysis warranted. Some common data presentations include:

Frequency table Bar chart Pie chart Histogram Frequency curve Line graph Pictograph Ogive Etc.

Data presentation of ungrouped data

Ungrouped data is data obtained in original form are called as raw data or data without class interval. Example : 11, 6, 15, 9 13, 8

Data Presentation for Ungrouped Data Table

Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009

Qualification

SPM
Certificate

No. of employees 10 20

Diploma
Degree

5
15

Line Charts
Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009
25
No. of employees

20
15 10 5 0 SPM Certificate Diploma Qualification Degree

Horizontal Bar Charts

Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009
Degree Qualification

Diploma

Certificate

SPM 0 5 10 15 No. of employees 20 25

Vertical Bar Charts

Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009
25 20 15 10 5 0 SPM Certificate Diploma Qualification Degree

No. of employees

Stacked / Component Bar Charts

Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009
50
45

No. of employees

40
35

30
25

20
15

2010 2009

10
5

0
SPM Certificate Diploma Qualification Degree

Clustered Bar Charts

Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009
30 25

No. of employees

20 15 10 5 0 SPM Certificate Diploma Qualification Degree 2009 2010

Pie Charts
Qualification of DRB Hicom Holding employees for year 2009

10, 20% 15, 30% SPM

Certificate
Diploma 5, 10% Degree

20, 40%

How to construct Pie Charts.

Example :

You are given the following data, construct the Pie Chart.
Qualification SPM Certificate Diploma No. of employees 10 20 5

Degree

15

Solution
1.

Calculate degree for each item given.

Qualification No. of employees 10 20 5 15 Degree

SPM Certificate Diploma Degree

10 360 72 50
20 360 144 50 5 360 36 50 15 360 108 50

2. 3.

Draw the Pie Chart according degree for each item. Write the legend and title.

Exercise 1
You are given a list of expenditure of an average family per month as follows:
Type of Commodity Food Rent Clothing Education Savings Miscellaneous
Draw in your answer paper, (a) Vertical Bar Chart (b) Pie Chart (c) Line Chart

Expenditure (RM) 33 22 10 12 15 7

Exercise 2
You are given a list of expenditure of an average family per month as follows:
Type of Commodity Food Rent Clothing Education Savings Miscellaneous Expenditure (RM) 33 22 10 12 15 7

By using Microsoft Office Excel, construct the following charts : (a) Vertical Bar Chart (b) Pie Chart (c) Line Chart

Data presentation of grouped data

Frequency distribution of grouped data
A frequency table summarizes the data collected by forming intervals of values and indicating the number of data falls into each intervals.

Using frequency distribution table to present the given data

Frequency distribution table

Consists of several columns

Class intervals Tally Frequency of class intervals Class boundaries Midpoint Relative frequency

IMPORTANT!!!!

If the data are given in randomly, we must identify the number of classes (k) and the class width of class intervals

Finding the number of classes (k)

= + .

: sample of size

Finding the class width ( )

=
: the number of class size =

How to construct the frequency distribution table

Class Intervals Set of limits Example: 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, Use tally process Example: ||| = 3 |||| = 5 |||| || = 7

Frequency of class interval

Class boundaries

Class midpoints

Example: Class boundary is a value that falls midway between the upper limit . the value of a class interval. Class middle Class Frequency Relative Example: Example: Interval Boundary Frequency =

interval Class 1Class 4Class 0.5 4.5Class 12 Midpoint 12/25 = Interval Boundary boundary 0.48
5 8 1 44.5 8.5 0.5 4.5 3 9 125 8 8.5 12.5 4.5 8.5 10 Total9 12

14

3/25 = 0.12 2.5 0.5 4.5

Relative frequenc y

58

8.5 12.5 25

4.5 8.5

6.510/25=0.4 1

10.5

Example :
From a sample of 50 customer complaints to maintenance department, the following data represent the numbers of days between the receipt of the complaint and resolution of the complaint: 54 27 31 26 52 5 11 26 25 30 35 19 5 2 22 137 126 12 14 36 27 110 4 13 26 152 110 165 13 20 2 29 32 10 23 123 61 29 5 33 81 35 28 27 68 74 94 29 4 31

Q1. Base on the formula k = 1+3.3log n, determine the number of classes and class

width. Q2. Base on the answer (i), form a frequency distribution, relative frequency and cumulative frequency table.

SOLUTION

No of class:
= 1 + 3.3 log 50 = 6.6 7

Class Width:
=

1652 7

= 24.7 25

Exercise
Prices of vehicles sold last month at Perodua Second-hand car are as follows: 20,197 20,372 17,454 20,591 23,651 16,587 20,169 32,851 16,251 17,047 21,285 21,324 21,609 15,670 12,546 12,935 16,873 22,251 22,277 25,034 21,533 24,443 16,889 17,004 17,155

16,688 20,765

20,657 22,783

23,613 23,661

17,895 17,642

17,203 18,981

Q1. Base on the formula k = 1+3.3log n, determine the number of classes and class

width.
Q2. Base on the answer (i), starting with 12,000 as the lower class limit for the first class and rounding up the class interval to the nearest thousand, form a frequency distribution, relative frequency and cumulative frequency table.

Histograms

A histogram is a bar graph of a frequency distribution. It consists of a set of vertical bars. An equal-seized histogram consists of bars with equal width. The height of each bar corresponds to the frequency of the class it represents.

STEPS TO CONSTRUCT A HISTOGRAM

Class Boundaries
Identify class boundaries and frequency for each class

Mark Class Boundaries

Mark at the horizontal axis (x)

Insert frequency

Insert at vertical axis (y)

Draw a vertical bar

The height for each bar is based on the frequency for each class

Example :
From a sample of 50 customer complaints to maintenance department, the following data represent the numbers of days between the receipt of the complaint and resolution of the complaint: 54 27 31 26 52 5 11 26 25 30 35 19 5 2 22 137 126 12 14 36 27 110 4 13 26 152 110 165 13 20 2 29 32 10 23 123 61 29 5 33 81 35 28 27 68 74 94 29 4 31

Q1. From the above data, construct a histogram.

Solution
Class Interval Class Boundaries Class Midpoint Tally Frequency 1 - 25 0.5 - 25.5 13 |||| |||| |||| ||| 18

26 - 50 51 - 75 76 - 100

25.5 - 50.5 50.5 - 75.5 75.5 - 100.5

38 63 88

|||| |||| |||| ||| |||| ||

18 5 2

101 - 125
126 - 150

100.5 - 125.5
125.5 - 150.5

113
138

||
|||

2
3

151 - 175

150.5 - 175.5

163

||

Histogram
20 18 16 14

12
Frequency 10 Frequency 8 6 4 2 0 13 38 63 88 Class Midpoint 113 138 163

Polygon Frequency A frequency polygon is constructing by plotting the midpoints of each class and joining the points by straight lines.

Polygon Frequency
20 18 16 14

12
Frequency 10 Frequency 8 6 4 2 0 13 38 63 88 Class Midpoint 113 138 163