Erik Erikson

Personal and Social Development

 Develop comprehensive theory describing individuals development throughout their life span Integrates personal, emotional and social development and psychology

 Describe the time that an individual experiences a psychological challenge as crisis closely related to social relationships, the set of critical issues that individual must address through each stage of the eight life stages

 People in general have the same basic needs Personal development occurs in response to these needs Development proceeds in stages

 Movement through the stages reflects changes in an individuals motivation Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge that presents opportunities for development

Stages of Development

1. Trust vs Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Birth -1 year 1- 3 year

3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority

Early Childhood 3-6 years

Middle Childhood 6-12 years

5. Identity vs Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation

Adolescence 12-18 years

Young Adulthood

7. Generativity vs Stagnation
8. Integrity vs Despair

Middle Adulthood
Old age
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Trust vs Mistrust (Birth to 1 Year)

Develop a sense of trust or confidence Mother- important person in the childs world Must satisfy the infants need for food and affection Mothers behaviour creates a sense of trust
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 An infant receiving good consistent good care from parents Support and bonding Is this world a trustworthy place?

Autonomy vs Shame (1- 3 years)

Doing things on their own terrible twos Desires for power and independence Learn to feed and dress themselves and toilet training begins Parents must let children explore freely and do things for themselves

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Autonomy vs Shame (1- 3 years)

Over restricted parents/caregivers can let children to doubt their abilities Can lead to lack of confidence, incompetent and powerlessness Am I doing things I am ready for?

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Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years)

Charaterized by an exploratory and investigate attitude from physical and social environment

A growing sense of initiative which can be encouraged parents, family members and caregivers
Am I doing things independently and responsibly?

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Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)

Entry into school Teacher and peers are important Make things, success bring with a sense of industry, good feeling about oneself and ones abilities Failure creates a negative self-image, a sense of inadequacy that hinder future learning
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Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)

Am I good at what I am learning to do?

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Identity vs Role confusion (12 -18 years)

Major physical, intellectual and emotional changes Identity Who Am I? What will I be? Identity crisis the feeling of uncertainty about who one is. Increasing independence Adolescence is a time of change
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Adolesence
Puberty physiological changes Cognitive application of formal operations Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Aware of their limitation in reasoning

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Development
Identity development appearance of reflectivity tendency to think about what is going on in ones own mind and to study oneself Look more closely at themselves and to define themselves

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Development
As companions to have fun A sense of security Cognitive resources when they teach or model specific intellectual skills

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Adolesence
Self concept physical appearance Friendship more with peers social status and peer crowds Emotional development conflicts Fears, guilt, frustration, jealousy, anger are natural part of growing up Adolescent suicide
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Problems
Emotional disorders depressed, hopeless (Needs help) Bullying Dropping out Drug and alcohol abuse Delinquency Risk of pregnancy
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Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adulthood)

Individuals wrestle with personal relationships Partner in friendship, competition and cooperation Who does not seek out such intimacy may retreat into isolation Am I able to commit myself?
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Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

The key characteristics of generativity are creativity, production and concern all the commitment to guiding the next generation Do I have anything worthwhile to contribute to this world and to the younger generation?

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 Contribute to the betterment of society by working for principles such as a clean physical environment and adherence to the principles of freedom and dignity for individuals

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Integrity vs Despair (Old age)

Accept themselves, realization that ones life has been ones responsibility A person filled with regret for things done or left undone, worried that there is no turning back and that time is running out, experience despair Have I lived a fulfilling life?

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