THE NEUTRAL ATOM

The atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

Atomic Number Z - Number of protons in the Nucleus = number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Mass number A = Number of protons + neutrons.

Notation
Mass Number (bigger)

A Z

Atomic Number (smaller)

symbol

Relative Mass Atomic

Certain products, such as paper for example, are sold by the ream. A ream is 500 sheets. Since it is impractical to actually count out 500 sheets, the weight (mass) of 500 sheets is determined; then each ream is packaged according to this mass. Atoms are even smaller than paper, so it is not possible to actually count them. However, it is possible to know the mass of an atom in respect to the mass of another atom. To see how this is done we will used an analogy of oranges and grapefruits. A given number of oranges have a mass of 3000 grams. An equal number of grapefruits have a mass of 5000 grams. Assuming that all the oranges are the same size, and all the grapefruits are the same size as well, then the oranges have a mass of 3/5 or .60 of the mass of the grapefruits. Since there are an equal number of oranges and grapefruits, the mass of an orange is 0.6 that of a grapefruit. These numbers represent relative mass. The Relative mass of an object is expressed by comparing it mathematically to the mass of another object. So the relative mass of an orange in relation to a grapefruit is .6. The relative mass of the grapefruit in relation to a grapefruit is 1.0.

The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of matter with the same number of elementary particles as .. grams of carbon 12.

602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000

Six hundred and two thousand, three hundred, billion billion !

6.023x1023 particles

Symbol () g

12.00

Number of particles = no of moles x no. particles in a mole

Particles = .. x .

The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of matter with the same number of elementary particles as 12 grams of carbon 12.

602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000

Six hundred and two thousand, three hundred, billion billion !

6.023x1023 particles
C

Symbol (L) g

12.00

Number of particles = no of moles x no. particles in a mole

Particles = n x L

Moles & Particles

? 3

dozen

1 doz

1 doz

1 doz

12

x
36 particles
12 12 12

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Moles & Particles

? 3

moles (n)

1 mol

1 mol

1 mol

L 6.023 x 1023

x
18.069 x 1023 particles
6.023 x 1023
........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................

6.023 x 1023
........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................

6.023 x 1023
........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................

Mole examples
Calculate the number of moles in 6 million hydrogen ions. How many moles of people are currently on the planet? (6.95x109) How many electrons would you have if you had 0.015 of a mole of electrons? How many water molecules make up 2.5 moles of water? How many hydrogen atoms are in 2.5 moles of water?

Mole examples
Calculate the number of moles in 6 million hydrogen ions. n = particles/L = 6x106 /6.023x1023 = 9.96 x10-18 mol How many moles of people are currently on the planet? (6.95x109) n = particles/L = 6.95x109/6.023x1023 = 1.15 x10-14 mol How many electrons would you have if you had 0.015 of a mole of electrons? particles = n x L = (0.015)(6.023x1023) = 9.03 x10 21 electrons How many water molecules make up 2.5 moles of water? particles = n x L = (2.5)(6.023x1023) = 1.51x10 24 molecules How many hydrogen atoms are in 2.5 moles of water?
H atoms = 2xH2O molecules = 2x 1.51x10 24 = 3.02x1024 H atoms

The Mole and Mass

The amount is defined in such a way that the relative atomic mass (MASS NUMBER) of an element is equal to the of ..of the substance. (in grams) - THE MOLAR MASS
Periodic Table Symbol
Mass Number (bigger) protons + neutrons Atomic Number (smaller)

A Z

MOLAR mass

mass(g) of one mole

Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H2O)=18g/mol

The Mole and Mass

The amount is defined in such a way that the relative atomic mass (MASS NUMBER) of an element is equal to the mass of one mole of the substance. (in grams) THE MOLAR MASS
Periodic Table Symbol
Mass Number (bigger) protons + neutrons Atomic Number (smaller)

A Z

MOLAR mass

or mass(g) of one mole

Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H2O)=18g/mol

The Carbon Standard

Carbon-12 is the standard upon which the relative mass of other atoms is determined. It wasnt always this way. At first hydrogen was used and it was assigned the atomic mass of one. If you have equal numbers of nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms, the nitrogen atoms are 14 times heavier than the hydrogen atoms. Therefore, nitrogen was assigned the atomic number of 14. Later oxygen was used as the standard with an atomic mass of 16. However, carbon-12 proved to be more convenient to .. and in pure form, so it became the standard. However, now even carbon-12 is slowly losing its position as standard, as sophisticated equipment makes it possible to give even more accurate measures of atomic mass.

The Carbon Standard

Carbon-12 is the standard upon which the relative mass of other atoms is determined. It wasnt always this way. At first hydrogen was used and it was assigned the atomic mass of one. If you have equal numbers of nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms, the nitrogen atoms are 14 times heavier than the hydrogen atoms. Therefore, nitrogen was assigned the atomic number of 14. Later oxygen was used as the standard with an atomic mass of 16. However, carbon-12 proved to be more convenient to capture and measure in pure form, so it became the standard. However, now even carbon-12 is slowly losing its position as standard, as sophisticated equipment makes it possible to give even more accurate measures of atomic mass.

Relative Masses
Relative atomic Mass (Ar) - The mass of the atom ....... 1/12 of the mass of a atom. (Number of times heavier than) O - 16 one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom, Na - 23, H - 1 etc. Formula mass (Mr) - The .of all the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. Water H2O
One molecule of water has a relative mass of Mr(H2O) = (2x()+.) = .. - that is the molecular or formula mass of water. One molecule of water is18 times heavier than)

Relative Masses
Relative atomic mass (Ar) - The mass of the atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom. (Number of times heavier than) O - 16 one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom, Na - 23 one atom of sodium , H - 1 etc. Formula mass (Mr) - The sum of all the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. Water H2O one molecule of water has a relative mass of - that is the
molecular or formula mass of water.

Mr(H2O) =(2x(1)+16) = 18 One molecule of water is 18 Times heavier than

Relative Masses - examples

Calculate the Formula masses of: O2 (oxygen gas) Cl2 (chlorine gas) NaCl (sodium chloride - table salt) CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) Mr(CaCO3 ) = 40 +12 +48 = (NH4)2Cr2O7 (ammonium dichromate)

Relative Masses - examples

Calculate the Formula (Molecular) masses of: O2 (oxygen gas) Mr (O2) = 2x16 = 32 Cl2 (chlorine gas) Mr (Cl2) = 2x35. 5 = 71.0 NaCl (sodium chloride - table salt) Mr (NaCl) = 23+35.5 = 58.5 CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) Mr (CaCO3) = 40.1+12+(3x16) = 100.1 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (ammonium dichromate) Mr ((NH4)2Cr2O7 ) = 2(14+4)+2(52)+7(16) = 252

Isotopes
Isotopes - Atoms of the .. element which have different numbers of .. Eg: 613C & 612C

6 .. protons

13C

6 .. protons

12C

electrons

.. electrons

Relative = .. neutrons atomic mass is (actually) the average mass the isotopes in a = (of all neutrons

random sample) of the atoms of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-twelve atom.

Isotopes
Isotopes - Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons. Eg: 613C & 612C

6 6 protons

13C

6 6 protons

12C

6 electrons

6 electrons

Relative 13-6 = 7 neutrons atomic mass is (actually) the average mass (of all the isotopes in a 12-6 =6 neutrons

random sample) of the atoms of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-twelve atom.

Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes 3717Cl & 3517Cl Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons! 37Cl (25%) & 35Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)

Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes 3717Cl & 3517Cl Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons! 37Cl (25%) & 35Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)

1. In 100 atoms 25 have a mass of 37 and 75 have mass 35! Average Ar(Cl)= total mass no of atoms = (37x25)+(35x75) = 35.50 100

Or 2. If you had 4 atoms 3 are 35 and one is 37!

Av Ar(Cl) = (37x1)+(35x3) = 35.50 4

Relative Atomic Mass

Periodic Table Symbol
Mass Number (bigger) protons + neutrons Atomic Number (smaller)

A Z

mass(g) of one mole mass of substance = number of moles x mass of 1 mole

Calculate: The mass in grams 1. of one mole of copper chloride (CuCl2) 2. one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) 3. One and a half moles of oxygen (O2) 4. TWO moles of methane (CH4) 5. Four moles of water.

Relative atomic mass or

m = n x Mr

Relative Atomic Mass

Calculate: The mass in grams 1. of one mole of copper chloride (CuCl2) m(CuCl2) = 63.5 +2(35.5) = 134.5g 2. one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) m(CO2) = 12 +2(16) = 44g 3. 1.5 mole of oxygen (O2) m(O2) = 1.5 x 32 = 48g

4. TWO moles of methane (CH4) m(CH4) = 2x(12 +4(1)) = 2(16) = 32g

5. Four moles of water. m(H2O) = 4 (18) = 72g

The Mole - moles --> Mass

mass = moles x relative mass Calculate the mass of 2 moles of copper oxide (CuO)

m = n x Mr

0.5 moles of copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4)

0.01 moles of calcium carbonate

5 moles of ammonium carbonate

The Mole - moles --> Mass

m = n x Mr
Calculate the mass of 2 moles of copper oxide m(CuO) = nxMr = 2x(63.5+16) = 159 g 0.5 moles of copper (II) sulphate m (CuSO4) = n x Mr = 0.5 x ( (63.5) + 32.1 + 4(16) ) = 79.8 g 0.01 moles of calcium carbonate Mr (CaCO3) = n x Mr = 0.01 x ( 40 + 12 + 3(16) ) = 1 g 5 moles of ammonium carbonate m(NH4)2CO3 = n x Mr = 5 x ( 2(14+4)+12+3(16) ) = 5 x (96) = 480g

The Mole - Mass --> Moles

n = m/Mr

Eg calculate the number of moles of water that would have a mass of 100g. n(H2O) = m/Mr = 100/18 = 5.56 mol
Eg Calculate the relative mass of a compound for which 0.001 moles have a mass of 0,0056 g. Mr (X) = m/n = 0.0056/0.001 = 5.6 g/mol

The Mole - Mass/Moles-->Mr

Mr = m/n

0.01mol of a substance X has a mass of 0.5g. What is the molecular mass of substance X? Mr = m/n =(0.5/o.o1) = 50 g.mol-1 if X is an element then it could be Vanadium. (V)

Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS MOLAR RATIO ASKED MASS

MOLES

MOLES

The Mole - Reactions

Sodium reacts with water to form hydrogen and sodium hydroxide according to the equation. Na + H2O H2 + NaOH If 46g of sodium are reacted with excess water what mass of hydrogen would be formed? 1. Balance the reaction 2. Work out moles of reactant GIVEN. 3. Go through the equation to find out the number of moles reacting and being formed. (Molar ratio). Work out quantity asked for.

4.

The Mole - Reactions

Sodium reacts with water to form hydrogen and sodium hydroxide according to the equation. Na + H2O H2 + NaOH If 46g of sodium are reacted with excess water what mass of hydrogen would be formed? 1. Balance the reaction 2Na + 2H2O H2 + 2NaOH 2 Work out moles of reactant (given). n(Na)=m/Ar=46/23=2mol 3 Go through the equation to find out the number of moles reacting and being formed - the molar ratio: Na : H2 2:1 => 1 mole H2 formed 4 Work out quantity asked for. m(H2) = nxMr = 1 x 2 = 2 g

Reactions Limiting reagent

The reagent that runs out first and stops the reaction is known as the LIMITING REAGENT. If 46g of sodium are reacted with 50g water what mass of hydrogen would be formed?

Na
46g moles

H2O H2 + NaOH
50g .. moles

..will run out first ..is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium??

Reactions Limiting reagent

The reagent that .. first and stops the reaction is known as the ...REAGENT. If 46g of sodium are reacted with 50g water what mass of hydrogen would be formed?

Na
46g 2 moles

H2O H2 + NaOH
50g

n(H2O) = m/Mr = 50/18 = 2.8 mol Na will run out first Na is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium??

Reactions Limiting reagent

The reagent that .. first and stops the reaction is known as the ...REAGENT. If 46g of sodium are reacted with 50g water what mass of hydrogen would be formed?

Na
46g 2 moles

H2O H2 + NaOH
50g

n(H2O) = m/Mr = 50/18 = 2.8 mol Na will run out first Na is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium?? 36g of H2O

The Mole - mass calculations

C + O2 CO2 Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide as shown. If 0.12g of carbon are reacted with excess oxygen what mass of carbon dioxide would be formed? 1. Balance the reaction 2. 3. Work out moles of reactant (mass given). Go through the equation MOLAR RATIO to find out the number of moles being formed

4.

Work out quantity asked for.

The Mole - mass calculations

C + O2 CO2 Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide as shown. If 0.12g of carbon are reacted with excess oxygen what mass of carbon dioxide would be formed? 1. Balance the reaction 2. Work out moles of reactant(mass given). n(C) = m/Ar = 0.12/12 = 0.01 mol 3. Go through the equation MOLAR RATIO to find out the number of moles being formed the molar ratio: C:CO2 1:1 => n(CO2) = 0.01 mol 4. Work out quantity asked for. m(CO2) = nxMr = 0.01 x (12+2(16)) = 0.01 x 44 = 0.44 g

Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 1. Na + Cl2 NaCl Calculate the mass of salt formed if 2.3g of sodium is reacted with XS chlorine. 2. Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of HCl is needed to produce 100g of hydrogen? 3. KClO3 KCl + O2 What mass of oxygen is produced from 1kg of potassium chlorate? 4. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O What mass of iron is produced if 3g of rust (Fe2O3) is reacted with XS(100g )of hydrogen?

Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 1. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Calculate the mass of salt formed if 2.3g of sodium is reacted with XS chlorine. 1. n(Na) = m/Ar = 2.3/23 = 0.1mol 2. Molar Ratio Na:NaCl 2:2 ie 1:1 => n(NaCl) = 0.1mol 3. m(NaCl) = nxMr = 0.1x(23+35.5) = 5.85g

Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 2. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of HCL is needed to produce 100g of hydrogen? 2.1 n(H2) = m/Mr = 100/2 = 50mol 2.2 Ratio HCl:H2 2:1 N(HCl) = 2x50 = 100mol

2.3 m(HCl) =nxMr = 100(36.5) = 3650g

Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 3. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 What mass of oxygen is produced from 1kg of potassium chlorate?
3.1 m(KClO3) = m/Mr = 1000/(39+35.5+(3x16)) = 8.16mol 3.2 Ratio KClO3:O2 2:3 n(O2) = (3/2)n(KClO3)=(3/2)(8.16) = 12.24mol 3.3 m(O2) = nxMr = 12.24(32)=391.68g

Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 4. Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O What mass of iron is produced if 3g of rust (Fe2O3) is reacted with XS(100g )of hydrogen?
1. 2.
3.

n(Fe2 O3 ) = m/Mr = 3/((2x56)+3(16)) = 3/160 = 0.01875mol M:R 1:2 n(Fe) = 1/2n(Fe2 O3) = (0.1875) = 0.009375 mol
M(Fe) = n x Ar = 0.009375 x 56 = 0.525 g

Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it possible to work out the % mass of each element.

eg Table salt: NaCl mass analysis:

One mole of NaCl would have a mass of ..+ . = g The % composition can be found using the formula: Mass .. X 100 % Mass Element X = . Mass .. %Na = .. %Cl =

Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it possible to work out the % mass of each element.

eg Table salt: NaCl mass analysis:

One mole of NaCl would have a mass of 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g The % composition can be found using the formula: Mass element X 100 % Mass Element X = Total Mass Compound %Na = [23/ (58.5) ]x100 = 39.3 % (by mass) %Cl = (35.5/ (58.5) )x100 = 60.7%

Percentage Composition from mass.

Eg2 Calculate the % of oxygen in water.

Percentage Composition from mass.

Eg2 Calculate the % of oxygen in water.

m(O) Mr (H2O) = ( /Mr(H2O))x100 = (16/18)x100

= 88.9%

Empirical and Molecular Formulae.

A compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. The % by mass are Carbon 52.2% and 13.0% hydrogen. Calculate the formula of the compound.

Empirical and Molecular Formula.

A compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. The % by mass are Carbon 40.0% and 6.7% hydrogen. Calculate the formula of the compound if Mr = 60gmol-1

%(O) = 100 (40+6.7) = 53.3

C
In 100g: n=m/Mr: 40.0g
40/ 12

H
6.7g
6.7/ 1

O
53.3g
53.3/ 16

3.33 3.33 Simplest: 1

6.7 3.33 2.01

3.33 3.33 1

Empirical Formulae: CH2O (12+2+16 = 30)

Molecular Formula: 2(CH2O) C2H4O2 (Mr = 2x30)

Empirical and Molecular Formula.

O

C H3C OH

CH3COOH or C2H4O2

Mr: 2(12)+4(1)+2(16)=60g.mol-1
%C: (24/60)x100 = 40.0% %H: (4/60)x100 = 6.7%

%O: (32/60)x100 = 53.3%

Empirical and Molecular Formulae.

Eg3. If a compound consisting of nitrogen and oxygen only - contains 30.4% by mass of nitrogen. What is the molecular formula of the compound? >>

Formula from Percentage Composition.

Eg3. If a compound consisting of nitrogen and oxygen only - contains 30.4% by mass of nitrogen. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

1 Assume you have 100g of the compound. You would therefore have 30.4g of nitrogen. ... and 100-30.4 = 69.6g of oxygen. Mass RatioMole Ratio n = (n=m/Ar)

N 30.4
30.4/ 14=

: :
: :

O 69.6
69.6/ 16=

2.2

4.4

1(2.2/2.2) Compound Formula NO2

2 (4.4/2.2)
(More egs B & J p112/3 ex1-4)

pg 119 No 17

Molar Volumes
One mole of an ideal (ANY) gas occupies a volume of 22,4dm3 at standard temperature and pressure. (STP)

STP: T= 0C, 273K

P =1 atmosphere (101,3kPa) n = v/Mv

moles = volume/molar volume ==>

Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O

What volume of hydrogen reacts with 50g of Fe2O3 n(Fe2O3) = m/Mr = 50/(2(56)+3(16)) = 0.3125mol

Fe2O3 : H2 1 : 3 n(H2) =3n(Fe2O3) = 3(0.3125) = 0.9375 v(H2) = nxMv = 0.9375x22.4 = 21dm3

Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the . of
per . (dm3) of .
Final volume of

..
solute

500cm3

solute

30g of NaCl

Amount of (.) Concentration = Volume of

n C= v

Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the AMOUNT of
SOLUTE per LITRE (dm3) of SOLUTION.
Final volume of

solution
solute 500cm3

solute

30g of NaCl
n C= v

Amount of solute (moles)

Concentration =

Volume of solution

c(NaCl) = (m/Mr)x1/v = ((30/(23+35.5))x1/0.5 =

Volume Conversions
1 dm3 (1 litre)

10 cm3 1cm3 10 cm3 10 cm3 1 dm = 10 cm 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 000cm3

Decimal Conversions
Kin Henry g

Died

a miserable

death

called

measles

Kil Hect Decc m(unit) o a a

100 0 100 10 1

deci
1/ 10

centi
1/ 100

milli
1/ 1000

Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS MOLAR RATIO ASKED MASS

VOLUME PARTICLES

MOLES

MOLES

VOLUME

PARTICLES

Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS VOLUME MOLAR MOLES RATIO ASKED MASS VOLUME

MOLES

CONCENTRATION

CONCENTRATION

Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS VOLUME MOLAR MOLES RATIO ASKED MASS VOLUME

MOLES

CONCENTRATION

Number Of particles

Number CONCENTRATION Of particles

Standard Solution
A standard solution is one
for which the concentration is precisely known.
KMnO4
2.45g

Since
c=

n(solute)/v(solvent)

= m/Mr V The number of moles of solute (Mass) The volume of solution. These values must be accurately determined.

Mass is determined accurately using an electronic balance. Possible accuracies of 0.1 - 0.0001g Volume is measured using a volumetric flask. 250 cm3 100 cm3, 200 cm3,

Weighing Technique
Procedure - Weighing by difference.
1. 2. 3. Zero scales and clean the pan. Weigh the weighing container. Add (approximately) the required amount of salt. Take care not to drop any salt onto the pan. Transfer the salt to a clean beaker. Reweigh the weighing container. Subtract the final mass of the container from the mass of salt and container to give the mass of salt transferred to the beaker.
2.45g

KMnO4

4. 5. 6.

Mass is determined accurately using an balance (electronic or triple beam). Possible accuracies of 0.1 0.0001g

Results: Mass salt + container: Final Mass container: Mass salt transferred:

Volumetric Flask
Making a standard solution.
1. 2. 3. Rinse a clean & dry 100 cm3 beaker with a little distilled water. Transfer the correctly weighed amount of salt to the beaker. Ensure NO SALT IS LOST. Add 50 - 80 cm3 water the salt and stir gently with a glass rod until all salt is dissolved. DO NOT REMOVE THE ROD FROM THE SOLUTION NOR ALLOW ANY DROPS OF SOLUTION TO ESCAPE. Add ALL the solution to volumetric flask via funnel. Ensure glass rod and beaker are thoroughly rinsed. (Include rinsings.) Add enough solvent to bring the level up to the mark.

4.

5.

Volume - Volume Calculations

1. Balance the equation 2. Calculate the moles of the substance given. 3. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked. 4. Calculate the quantity asked for. (Volume V = n x Mv) Mv = 22.4dm3 At STP

EG:

If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)

H2 + N2 --> NH3

Volume - Volume Calculations

H2 + N2 --> NH3
If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)

Volume - Volume Calculations

H2 + N2 --> NH3
If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3H2 + N2 --> 2NH3 n(N2) = v/Mv = 3/22.4 = 0.134mol N2 : H2 1:3 n(H2) = 3(N2) n(H2) = 3(0.13) = 0.401mol v(H2) = n(H2)Mv = 0.401(22.4) = 8.98dm3

Mass Volume Calculations

1. KClO3 KCl + O2 What volume of oxygen is produced by the decomposition of 1kg of potassium chlorate? 2. H2 + N2 --> NH3 How much nitrogen (in dm3) would be needed to produce 46dm3 of ammonia? 3. S + O2 --> SO2 What volume of sulphur dioxide could be produced from 20.0dm3 of oxygen? 4. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of zinc is needed to produce 100dm3 of hydrogen? 5. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O If 3.00kg of iron oxide is reacted with 0.256dm3 of hydrogen, what mass of water would be produced?

Mass Volume Calculations

1. KClO3 KCl + O2 What volume of oxygen is produced by the decomposition of 1kg of potassium chlorate? 1. Balance the equation - 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (1) 2. Calculate the moles of the substance given. n(KClO3) = m/Mr = 1000/(39+35.5+3(16)) = 8.16mol (1) 3. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked. KClO3 : O2 2 : 3 n(O2) = 3/2n(KClO3) = 3/2(8.16) = 12.24 mol (1)

4.

Calculate the quantity asked for. (Volume V = n x Mv) Mv = 22.4dm3 At STP v(O2) = n(O2)Mv = 12.24(22.4) = 275 dm3 (2)

Mass Volume Calculations

2. H2 + N2 --> NH3 What mass of nitrogen (in dm3) would be needed to produce 46dm3 of ammonia?
1.
2.

Balance the equation - 3H2 + N2 --> 2NH3

Calculate the moles of the substance given.

n(NH3) = v/Mv = 46/22.4 = 2.05 mol

3. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked.

N2 : NH3 as 1 : 2 n(N2) = 1/2(n(NH3)) = 1/2(2.05) = 1.03 mol

4. Calculate the quantity asked for. m(N2) = n(N2)Mr = 1.03(28) = 28.84 g

Volume -Volume Calculations

3. S + O2 --> SO2 What volume of sulphur dioxide could be produced from 20.0dm3 of oxygen?
1.
2.

Balance the equation - Done

Calculate the moles of the substance given.

n(O2) = v/Mv = 20/22.4 = 0.893 mol

3. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked.

O2 : SO2 as 1 : 1 n(SO2) = n(O2) = 0.893 mol

4. Calculate the quantity asked for. (Volume V = n x Mv) Mv = 22.4dm3 At STP v(SO2) = n(SO2)Mv = 0.893(22.4) = 20.0 dm3

Mass Volume Calculations

4. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of zinc is needed to produce 100dm3 of hydrogen?
1.
2.

Balance the equation - Done

Calculate the moles of the substance given.

n(H2) = v/Mv = 100/22.4 = 4.46 mol

3. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked.

Zn : H2 as 1 : 1 n(Zn) = n(H2) = 4.46 mol

4. Calculate the quantity asked for. (mass m = n x Mr) m(Zn) = n(Zn)Mr = 4.46(65.4) = 291.9g

Volume - Mass Limiting Reagent

5. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O If 3.00kg of iron oxide is reacted with 0.256dm3 of hydrogen, what mass of water would be produced?
1.
2.

Balance the equation - Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O

Calculate the moles of the substance given. n(Fe2O3) = m/Mr = 3000/(2(56)+3(16)) = 18.75 mol XS n(H2) = v/Mv = 0.256/22.4 = 0.0114 mol LIMITING REAGENT Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked. H2 : H2O as 1 : 1 n(H2O) = n(H2) = 0.0114 mol Calculate the quantity asked for. (mass m = n x Mr) m(H2O) = n x Mr = 0.0114(2+16) = 0.206g

3.

4.

Mixed example
Ammonia gas is made by reacting ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide according to:

NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O

If 32.1 g of ammonium chloride reacts with 500 cm3 of a 0.75 M calcium hydroxide solution, Show by calculation; which is the limiting reagent, what volume of ammonia is produced at S.T.P in m3 and how many hydroxide ions are left after the reaction?