Chapter 1

Environment Management

1. Environment
The word

environment is derived from the

French verb environner which means

to encircle or surround. Thus our environment can be defined-as the physical, chemical and biological world that surround us as well as the complex of social and cultural conditions affecting an individual or community.

Environment
It includes all factors living and nonliving that
affect an individual organism or population at any point in the life cycle;

set of circumstances
surrounding a particular occurrence and all the things

that surrounds us.

2. Objective of this course is To develop concern for our own environment which will lead us to act at our own level to protect the environment we all live in.

There are three reasons for studying the state of the environment.--- The first, is the need for information that clarifies modern environmental concepts like equitable use of natural resources, more sustainable life styles etc.

Objective of this course is Second, there is a need to ----

change the way in which we view our own

environment, using practical approach based on observation and self learning. Third, there is a need to create a concern for our environment that will---- trigger pro-environmental action, including simple activities we can do in our daily life to protect it.

3. Types of Environment
There are two types of environments:
1. Natural environment 2. Man made environment

Types of Environment
Natural: --- The environment in its original form without the

interference of human beings is known as natural environment. It operates through self regulating mechanism called homeostasis i.e, any change in the natural ecosystem brought about by natural processes is counter balanced by changes in other components of environment.

Man made or Anthropogenic Environment

Man made or Anthropogenic Environment:----

The environment changed or modified by the interference of human beings is called man made environment. Man is the most evolved creature on this earth. He is modifying the environment according to-- His requirements without bothering for its consequences. Increased technologies and population explosion are deteriorating the environment more and more.

4. Environment Science
Environmental science is essentially ---

the application of scientific methods and

principles to the study of environmental issues. By studying environmental science, students may-

Develop a breadth of the interdisciplinary and

methodological knowledge in the environmental fields that enables them to facilitate the definition and solution of environmental problems.

Environment Science
The scope of environmental studies is that, the current

trend of environmental- degradation can be reversed if people of educated communities are organized and empowered; experts are involved in sustainable development.

5. Environment Management
Environmental management Administrative functions that develop, implement, and monitor the environmental policy of an organization An attempt to control human impact on and interaction with the environment in order to preserve natural resources Environmental management has become an issue in organizations because consumers now expect them to be environmentally aware, if not environmentally friendly.

Environment Management
Senior managers and directors are increasingly being held

liable for their organizations' environmental performance, and the onus is on them to adopt a corporate strategy that balances economic growth with environmental protection. Environmental management involves reducing pollution, waste, and the consumption of natural resources by implementing an environmental action plan. This plan brings together the key elements of environmental management, including an organization's environmental policy statement, an environmental audit, environmental management system, and external standards.

Steps- In Environment Management

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) helps guide

your green' decision-making and short-term goals. This plan will identify action items and a timeline that are realistic and feasible given your budget and level of commitment to greening your business. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines an environmental management system (EMS) as "a set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency."

Steps In Environment Management

By taking the responsibility and initiative to develop an effective EMS, businesses have an opportunity to profit in ways that a balance sheet can't measure. They can become more environmentally responsible and compliant with regulations, better manage their risk and liability, conserve valuable energy and natural resources, and enhance their images with investors, customers, vendors and communities.

Eg- Carbon Credit

A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or

permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide. Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). One carbon credit is equal to one metric tonne of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases. 1 Carbon Credit= 1 metric tonne of carbon dioxide. Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach. Greenhouse gas emissions are capped and then markers are used to allocate the emissions among the group of regulatorsed sources.

Carbon Credit
The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and

commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the atmosphere. . There are also many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis. These carbon off setters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects. Buyers and sellers can also use an exchange platform to trade, such as the Carbon Trade Exchange, which is like a stock exchange for carbon credits.

Carbon footprint
A carbon footprint is the measure of the environmental

impact of a particular individual or organization's lifestyle or operation, measured in units of carbon dioxide. A carbon footprint is composed of two parts, a primary and secondary footprint. The primary footprint is the sum of the direct carbon dioxide emissions of burning of fossil fuels, like domestic energy consumption by furnaces and waters heaters, and transportation, like automobiles and airplane travel. The secondary footprint is the sum of indirect emissions associated with the manufacture and breakdown of all products, services and food an individual or business consumes

Ecological Footprints

Source: Donella Meadows, Our Footprints Are Treading Too Much Earth, Charleston (S.C.) Gazette, April 1, 1996.

6. Environmental policy- Need

The science of Environment studies is a multi

disciplinary science because---It comprises various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture, Public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of physical phenomena in the environment. It studies of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical and biological species in the air, water and soil and The effect of from human activity upon these.

Environmental policy- Need

A National Committee on Environmental Planning and

Coordination was set up in 1972 as an Apex Advisory Body in all matters related to the environmental protection and improvement.

Main Activities: Collaboration with Project Appraisal Division of

the Planning Commission in developing guidelines for evaluating costs and benefits of the development projects that takes into account the environmental factors, and formulation and coordination of R&D projects The Department of Environment was created in 1980 and was expanded later into the Ministry of Environment & Forests in 1986. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and consequently the State & Central Pollution Control Boards came into existence

6. Environmental policy- Definition

Environmental policy--- is any action deliberately taken to manage human activities with a view to prevent, reduce, or mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural resources, and ensuring that man-made changes to the environment do not have harmful effects on humans. Early Goals: -to stop further degradation of the environment taking into account human health & pollution control using traditional command & control methods- State agencies as watchdogs

Topics in NEP(2006) Objective

Principles Strategy and action

Review of the Implementation

Review of the Implementation Critique of the NEP, 2006

7. National Environment Policy, 2006

The National Environment Policy (NEP) is intended to

be a statement of India's commitment to making a positive contribution to international efforts of EM. The NEP is a response to our national commitment to a clean environment as mandated in our Constitution Main Objectives: 1) Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources; 2) Intra-generational Equity: Livelihood Security for the poor 3) Inter-generational Equity;

Main Objectives:
4) Integration of Environmental Concern in Economic

and Social Development; 5) Efficiency in Environmental Resource Use; 6) Environmental Governance; 7) Enhancement of Resources for Environmental Conservation;

PRINCIPLES:
1) Human being as the Centre of sustainable dev.; 2) The right to equitably meet development & environmental needs; 3) Environmental protection is an integral part of the development

Process;
4) The precautionary approach (including action);
5) Economic efficiency (economic values to environmental services in

alternate course of action): This would involve following principles: -Polluter Pays; and Cost minimization
6) Entities with Incomparable values eg. Human health,

environmental life support systems for which compensation can not be paid

PRINCIPLES:
7) Equity: (Equality of opportunity) -Procedure Equity: fair rules for allocation of entitlements &

obligations -End Result Equity: fair outcomes in terms of distribution of entitlements and obligations;

8) Legal liability: Civil liability for environmental damage; - Fault base liability- party is liable if it breaches the legal duty -Strict liability: imposes obligation to compensate the victim;

9) Public trust doctrine;

10) Decentralization;

PRINCIPLES:
11) Integration: inclusion of environmental considerations

in sectoral policy making and linkages among various levels at the Central, State and Local Self Govt;
12) Environmental standard setting
12) Preventive action: and

13) Environmental offsetting: Imposing a general obligation

to protect threatened or endangered species and natural systems that are of special importance to sustaining life.

STRATEGY AND ACTIONS

1.Regulatory ReformsRevisiting Policy and Legislation

2.Enhancing & Conserving Environmental ResourcesFresh Water Resources, Mountain Ecosystems, Coastal Resources Forests and Wildlife, Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge, and
Natural Heritage

Pollution Abatement Pollution Abatement: Air, Water, soil, noise pollution Conservation of Man Made Heritage Climate Change

STRATEGY AND ACTIONS

2. Environment Standards, Management System,

Certification & Indicators 3. Clean Technologies and Innovations 4. Environmental Awareness, Education & Information 5. Partnership and Stakeholder Involvement 6. Capacity Building 7. Research and development 8. International Cooperation

9. Review of the Policy 10. Review of Implementation

Review of the Implementation

Cabinet or nominated committee of the cabinet may

be requested to review the implementation of this Policy.

Undertake consultation every 3 yrs with group of diverse

stakeholders to update the Policy; In the third of the 3yrs reviews, to undertake a comprehensive examination of scientific & policy understanding of environmental issues, redefine Objectives & Principles, and recast the Strategic Themes for Action.

Critique of the NEP, 2006

1) The Policy does not challenge the fundamental

nature of the current model of development which is at the heart of environmental destruction. 2) The policy at various places talks of decentralization, of partnerships, and of specific elements like public access to information. But fails to give a concrete vision as to how the natural resources will be governed, who at what stage should be taking decisions, how will current institutions of governance change

Critique of the NEP, 2006

3) Policy is fully human-centric in nature. 4) Though strategies and actions enumerated speaks of decentralization, Unfortunately there is not much in the policy so far as a scope for citizens to participate at all levels of decision-making regarding the environment. This weakens its initial principle of decentralization and peoples participation. 5) Policy recommends that, wasteland and degraded forestland be reclaimed through partnerships. The Policy does not clearly specify that there would be no transfer or leasing of common lands to industries.

Critique of the NEP, 2006

6) Classification of specific ecosystems under the

chapter Strategies and Actions has not been done scientifically. Moreover, certain categories like grasslands, deserts, and marine ecosystems are completely missing.
7) The section on Wildlife does not promote the

involvement of people within PANs. The section only speaks about protection of wildlife within the protected areas while forgetting the fact that however much it may be expanded, the protected area network in India will never cover more than a fraction of the land and water, and will leave out the majority of wildlife.

Critique of the NEP, 2006

8) Critical parts of river systems need also to be

protected from destructive development, and should be listed under the category of areas with incomparable value. 9) Section on Environmental Awareness, Education, and information is silent about the locale-specific education curricula and awareness programmes. 10) The Policy pays lip service to the livelihood dependence and rights of adivasis and other ecosystem-dependent communities in India.

Critique of the NEP, 2006

11) The Policy shows a lack of attention towards key areas like grazing and fodder management, desertification, forest fires, island and marine ecosystems. 12) Two important issues, women and environment as well and trade and environment is again untouched by the policy. 13) Highly debated issue of inter-linking of rivers finds no mention at all in the Policy document.

8. Concepts
Ecosystem
Food web Food chain

Biodiversity
Sustainable Development

Ecosystem
Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes regulate the flux of energy and

matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by the biodiversity within them. Biodiversity refers to the varieties of species in ecosystems, the genetic variations they contain, and the processes that are functionally enriched by the diversity of ecological interactions.

Ecosystem
Ecosystems maintain biophysical feedback

mechanisms that modulate metabolic rates and evolutionary dynamics between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital through the regulation of continental climates, global biogeochemical cycles,, soils, food, medicines, erosion control, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, value.

Food web
A network of food chains or feeding relationships by which energy and nutrients are passed on from one species of living organisms to another

Food chain
A food chain is a linear sequence of links in a food web starting from a trophic species that eats no other species in the web and ends at a trophic species that is eaten by no other species in the web.

Biodiversity
Biodiversity = Many different types of organisms
Organisms depend upon one another Interfering with one

Organism can have a Ripple effect to many w/in the habitat

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development (SD) refers to a mode of human

development in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. 80 percent of the world's resources are used by 20 percent of the people. "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is now a requirement of the Kyoto Protocol (KP), an agreement signed and ratified by Australia and another 186 other countries around the world.

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development objectives include three

interdependent components: - Social issues, Economic issues ,Environmental issues As more and more steps are taken to put sustainable development in place, it will help reverse loss of environmental resources such as: Biological diversity Forests Ozone layer The far-reaching benefits of sustainable development include: It helps build a stronger community It's good for the future It empowers people to start to meet their own needs It is designed to be good for the environment Benefits local and global economies

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