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Introduction
Sequence Stratigraphy is the subdivision of sedimentary basin fill into genetic package bounded by uncomformities and their correlative comformities (Emery & Myers, 1996). Sequence Stratigraphy is used to provide a chronostratigraphic framework for the correlation and mapping of sedimentary facies and for stratigraphic prediction. Correlation of sequence stratigraphy is a matter of time not litho to litho correlation.
Lithostratigraphy vs Chronostratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy: correlate strata in respect similiarity of charecteristic, no time depositional was taken account into.
Sedimentary deposits clearly record changes of sea level which has changed within the lifetime of human life. Why does sea level change?
Change in the volume of sea water glaciations and deglaciations Change in the volume of basins containing sea water tectonic (rifting, etc)
Sediment Accommodation
Is space available for sediment to accumulate at any point in time (Jervey, 1988). Accommodation= Eustasy + Subsidence + Compaction
Sediment supply
Is filling the space that is available (accommodation space).
Progradational stacking pattern : sediment supply > Accommodation space Agradational stacking pattern : sediment supply = Accommodation space Retrogradational stacking pattern: sediment supply < Accommodation space Starving : sediment supply <<< Accommodation space
Progradational stacking pattern : sediment supply > Accommodation space Agradational stacking pattern : sediment supply = Accommodation space Retrogradational stacking pattern: sediment supply < Accommodation space Starving : sediment supply <<< Accommodation space
Base level is the maximum level or height to which sediment may accumulate and the maximum depth to which sediment may be eroded down to.
Inland: continental interior, graded fluvial profile is generally considered as the base level (water table, bedrock, lake, or bottom of erosional channel).
Coastal: sea level is generally considered as base level. Surfaces above base level will be eroded and surface below base level will be preserved. Base Level change through time by rising and falling.
Coastal-Marine
Transgression:
occurs when accommodation space is created more rapidly then it is consumed by sediment supply (A>S), or shoreline is going to landward, resulting retrogradational stacking pattern (A>S) and transgression while sea level rise and no sediment influx.
Regression: shoreline is going to basinward, sediment supply is outspace accommodation space or sea level fall resulting progradational stacking pattern. There are two regression: Normal Regression and Forced Regression
Normal regression:
if sediment delivery to the shoreline exceeds available accommodation space , sea level may be stationary or rising, dependent on sediment supply. Shoreline trajectory defined by combination of progradation and aggradation in both fluvial and shallow marine sediments.
if there is a relative sea level fall, independent of sediment supply, even no sediment supply is delivered to shoreline, shoreline will still follow the retreat of sea level. Shoreline trajectory is defined by combination of fluvial incision and upper shoreface progradation and offlap. Attribute of forced regression:
abrupt occurrence of coarser and proximal facies overlying more distal marine sediment with sharp, erosive contact.
The lower, sharp surface is formed by wave base that eroded previuosly sediment which lay below wave base.
SB
HST
TST LST
FSST
SB
Terminal Strata
Onlap
Concordance
Parasequence Set: succession of genetically related parasequences forming a distintive stacking pattern (retrogradational, aggradational, or progradational) bounded by marine flooding surface. Parasequences Set boundary: marine-flooding surface that separates distinctive parasequences stacking pattern (retrogradational, aggradational, progradadtional).
Parasequences
Sequences
Sequences: a stratgraphic unit composed of relatively comformable succession of genetically related strata bounded by uncomformities and their correlative conformities, represent deposition during a full cycle of sea level change (rise&fall). There are 2 type of SB:
Type-1: rate of eustatic fall exceeds the rate of subsidence at the depositional shoreline break, producing a relative sea level fall at that position. To summarize that not tectonic control, subsidence is not forming a space, has deep marine sediment somewhere down and incised valley.
Type-2: rate of eustatic is slightly less than or equal to the rate of subsidence at the depositional shoreline break.
System Tract: lingkage of contemporaneous depositional systems which forms the subdivision of sequence. System tracts are interpretated based on stratal stacking pattern which is related with sea level change. FSST: falling stage systen tract, occurs when forced regression happens LST: Lowstand system tract, marking regressivetransgressive curve, aggradation stacking pattern, sea level change from forced regression into transgression. TS: initial Transgresive surface, when sea level starts to rise. TST: transgressive system tract, sea level rise, fiining upward sediment, retrogradtional stacking pattern. MFS: maximum flooding surface, when sea level rise at maximum point, then sea level initiates to fall (intial regression surface).
TS MFS
System Tract
HST: high system tract, base level falls, coarsening upward sediment, progradational stacking pattern.
SB: sequence boundary, a complete stratigraphic unit which is distictve younger strata above from older strata below with uncomformities or their correlative comfomity.
Sequence Stratigraphy
Seismic Data
Continues subsurface imaging Structural style Lapout relationship Stratal stacking pattern Stratal geometries Seismic geomorphology Vertical stacking patterns Grading trends Depositional elements Depositional systems Petrophysics Calibration of seismic data
Core Data
Facies, texture & sedimentary structures Nature of stratigraphic contacts Physical rock properties Paleocurrents in oriented cores Calibration of well logs and seismic data
Outcrop Data
3-D control on facies architecture Insights into process sedimentology Facies Depositional elements Depositional systems
GR-most useful,generally a direct function of clay-mineral content, grain size, and depositional energy. Exceptions in heavey sands mineral, radioactive feldspathic sands, and radioactive genetic components.
SP-good for distinguishing trends between permeable sands and impermeable shales.
Density-Neutron-best indicator of lithology. Sonic-measure transite time which is related to porosity and lithology. Rich organic matter shale has long travel times.
or in clean sandstones.
Use well with complete data package (wireline log, core, biostratigraphy, etc) if available. Choose best log and core well for depositional-dip and strike line for correlation. Try to establish straight lines.
2)
Plot GR along with other modern suites (resistivity, density-neutron, etc) to see vertical stacking pattern. Interpret the GR log first and confirm with other logs. Use core control to correlate facies with log response. Watch out for cemented horizon on sonic log, hydrocarbon leg on resistivity, change to non-clastic facies and casing shoes in densityneutron log.
Regional correlations use 1 inch=100 ft or 200 ft, detailed reservoir correlation may require 5 inch logs. Choose preliminary datum (regional marker, preferably a candidate MFS). Hang logs from this datum. May change later. Quick analysis of logs and cores to determine general distribution of depositional environments. Use additional environmental information (seismic, biostrat, core)
3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
Mark stacking patterns on log with arrow to indentify progradation, aggradation, and retrogradation.
Select candidate surfaces (MFSs or SBs) for correlation. Examine logs to see if cycle hierarchy is present. Insert key biostratigraphic data, MFS usually associated with faunal abundance and diversity peaks. Sharp breaks in fauna may coincide with SBs. Initially correlate candidate surface with respect cycle hierarchy. Correlate MFSs first. SB identification can be difficult or easy, SB may present where correlations become difficult. Interpret SB from facies discontunities, evidence of incision of topsets.