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Information :
Name of Crop : Wheat Botanical name : Triricum aestivum Family : Poaceae Ch. No. : 2n = 7-42 Center of origin : south west Asia Mode on Pollination : Self Pollination Out of Crossing :%=<1%

Introduction :
Triticum aestivum L. 2n= 6x=42) Wheat ranks with rice in importance as world crop. Wheat, rice and corn together makeup the of the world grain population. In India productivity of wheat is 2150 kg /ha from 26 million hectares the worldwide importance of wheat can be realized from symbols of world organization like FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization Rome) UNDP ( International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center, Mexico).

Introduction
It is worlds most widely cultured crop occupying 22% cultivated areas. Wheat crop is harvested some where in the world as far south as Argentina to as far north as Finland. It is the major crop of USA, Canada and Asia, it is C3 crop not well adapted to tropical and subtropical condition. It is cultivated on large scale in Punjab, Haryana, U.P, M.P, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Uses
The properties that make wheat suitable in food products gluten (protein) and starch also make wheat functional in nonfood and industrial applications. Wheat gluten is unique due to its ability to be elastic, bind water and form films that can be stabilized with heat. These properties render wheat gluten useful for the preparations of adhesives, coatings, polymers and resins. Wheat is being utilized in these other products: Straw Particle Board (wood) One-Acre of wheat stubble produces approximately two bales of wheat straw. 64 pounds of wheat straw produce on sheet of strawboard 4" x8" 1/2 thick. Primary uses of strawboard include ready to assemble furniture, flooring a, foundation for lamination and kitchen cabinets. Paper Wheat starch makes paper stronger. Five billion pounds of starch are sued in the manufacturing of paper per year in the U.S. Adhesives (Many types) Starch is used as an adhesive on postage stamps and is used to hold the bottom of paper grocery sacks together

 CROP MANAGEMENT 1. FIELD PREPARATION Plough twice with an iron plough and two to three times with cultivator and prepare the land to a fine tilth. 2. APPLICATION OF FYM OR COMPOST Spread 12.5 t/ha of FYM or compost on the unploughed field. 3. SEED TREATMENT WITH FUNGICIDES Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Thiram at 2 g/kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing. 4. FORMING BEDS AND CHANNEL Form beds of size 10 m2 or 20 m2. The irrigation channels are to be provided sufficiently. 5. APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS i. Apply NPK fertilizer as per soil test recommendation as far as possible. If soil test recommendation is not available, adopt a blanket recommendation of 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha. ii. Apply half of N and full dose of P2O and K2O5 basally before sowing and incorporate in the sowing line. SEED RATE: 100 kg/ha

 6. SOWING Draw the lines 20 cm apart and sow the seeds continuously after application of fertilizers to a depth of 5 cm. Avoid deep sowing. 7. WEED MANAGEMENT i. Spray Isoproturon 800 g/ha as pre-emergence spraying 3 days after sowing followed by one hand weeding on 35th day after sowing. ii. If herbicide is not applied, give two hand weedings on 20th and 35th day after sowing. 8. WATER MANAGEMENT The crop requires 4 - 6 irrigations depending on the soil type and rainfall. Wheat crop requires minimum of 5 irrigations at the following critical stages. I Immediately after sowing II Crown root intiation : 15-20 DAS III- Active tillering stage : 35-40 DAS IV- Flowering stage : 50-55 DAS V- Grain filling stage : 70-75 DAS Crown root initiation and flowering are the most critical stages. Water stagnation should be voided at the time of germination.

 9. TOP DRESSING Apply remaining half of N at crown root initiation stage (1520 DAS). 10. HARVESTING Harvest the crop when the grains become hard and straw becomes dry and brittle. Trash and winnow the grains. Use mechanical threshers to reduce the cost of threshing and winnowing.

Properties of the seed

Properties of the seed Dry decorticated sesame seed contains per 100 g edible portion: water 3.8 g, energy 2640 Kj (631 kcal), protein 20.5 g, fat 60.2 g, carbohydrate 11.7 g, dietry fibre 11.6 g, Ca 60 mg, Mg 345 mg, P 667 mg, Fe 6.4 mg, Zn 6.7 mg, Vitamin A 9 IU, thiamin 0.70 mg, riboflavin 0.09 mg, niacin 5.80 mg, folate 115 g, and no ascorbic acid

Properties of the seed

Properties of the seed Dry decorticated sesame seed contains per 100 g edible portion:

Ca 60 mg, Mg 345 mg, P 667 mg, Fe 6.4 mg, Zn 6.7 mg, Vitamin A 9 IU,

Riboflavin 0.09 mg, Niacin 5.80 mg, Folate 115 g, No Ascorbic acid

Thiamin 0.70 mg,

Botanical Description
Origin: Wheat is evolved from wild grasses. The centre of origin is South Asia. Tegri- Euphatis drainage basin. Large genetic variability is observed in Iran, Isreal, and Bordering countires. Wheat can be crossed with Aegilops and Agropyron species successfully. Man made hybrid, Triticale is the cross between wheat (Triticum monococum) and Rye ( Cecale Cereals). There are 13 diploid, 12 tetraploid and hexaploid species of Triticum with genotypes given below:

Sr.No Botanical Name Triticum= 1monococum 2Aegilops speltoids 3Aegilops caudate 4Aegilops speltoids 5Triticum squrrosa 6Triticum durum

Chromosome No 2n=14 2n=14 2n=14 2n=14 2n=14 2n= 28

Genome AA BB CC DD EE AABB

Wild/Cultivated Cultivated Wild Wild Wild Rye Earner Wheat

7Triticum aestivum

2n =- 42

AABBDD
AABBDD

Common wheat
Club Wheat

8Triticumcompactum 2n =- 42

Reproductive Biology

 Evolution: Triticum monococum X Unknown wheat (2n=14, AA) (2n-14,BB) F1, (AB) Spontaneous chromosome doubling Tetraploid wheat X Aegilops squrrosa or T. tauschii (2n-28 AABB) (2n-14, DD) F1 (ABD) Spontaneous chromosome doubling Hexaploid wheat (2n=42, AABBDD) Bread wheat or common wheat, Triticum aestivum

 Flowering: Wheat is self pollinated crop due to chasm gamy. Blooming starts several days after the emergence of spike from flag leaf. Starts in the main stem (Mother tiller) followed by other tillers in the order of development. Flowering in the upper part of the spike and proceeds in both the directions. Blooming is continued throughout the day, and 3-5 days are required to complete. The cross pollination may take place to the extent of 1-2%. The immature anthers are green in colour, which turn yellowish when matured. The stigmatic lobs are closed together when young but spread out maturity. The lodicules absorb moisture and swell due to which glumes are separated apart in 20 minutes. Filament elongate and anther dehisce within 2 to 3 minutes. At the same time stigma is recessive. The glumes are again closed at the end of 15 to 20 minutes.

 Breeding Objective: 1) High grain yield, 2) Early maturity, 3) Photo and thermo insensitive varieties 4) Resistance to disease like rust, smut and leaf spots. 5) Response to high doses of fertilizers 6) Dwarf and lodging resistant varieties.

 Evolution: Triticum monococum X Unknown wheat (2n=14, AA) (2n-14,BB) F1, (AB) Spontaneous chromosome doubling Tetraploid wheat X Aegilops squrrosa or T. tauschii (2n-28 AABB) (2n-14, DD) F1 (ABD) Spontaneous chromosome doubling Hexaploid wheat (2n=42, AABBDD) Bread wheat or common wheat, Triticum aestivum

Hybridization Technique:
Ecology Sesame is a crop of the tropics and sub tropics, but summer planting and newer cultivars have extended its range into more temperate regions It occurs mainly between 25oS and 25o N, but up to 40 o N in China, Russia and the United States, 30oS in Australia and 35 o S in South America Sesame is sensitive to low temperatures and for this reason it is grown experimentally up to 1800 m altitude

Hybridization Technique:
Emasculation: The spike enclosed in leaf sheath or partially emerged is selected for emasculation. The awns and tips of spiklets are cut off to avoid obstacle in the process of emasculation and pollination, similarly the central sterile flower also removed with forceps. The requisite numbers of spikelet are kept on the spike and with the half of forceps the glumes are separated and three young immature greenish yellow anthers are removed from each flower and the flower bagged. Pollination: On the next morning between 9.00 to 11.00 am the pollen grain collected desired protected plant in petridish and dusted on stigma of emasculated flower with the help of hair brush. The spike is covered with bag after pollination and labelled again.

Hybridization Technique:
Breeding Method: 1) Introduction: The green revolution is successful in the world due to introduction of Norin-10 variety (dwarfing gene) developed in Japan. The variety Norin-10 was never important variety in Japan. The seed sample received in 1946 to Washington State University and Crosses were made in 1948 worht Brevor 14 and the genotype become main source of two Norin-10 dwarfing gene. Then Dr. N.E. Borlaug ( Father of green revolution) who engineered development of semi dwarf wheat. Or his work he was awarded a Nobel peace Prize in 1970. In India, the dwarf wheat varieties were importance from Mexico, Sonoro-64, and Larma Rojo- 64 A in 1965-66. Latter on made green revolution successful India. 2) Pure Line Selection: In this method individual progenies are evaluated and promising progenies are finally selected old Indian tall varieties E.g. N-P-4, N-P6, N-P-12, PB-12, PB-11 were developed by pure line selection.

Hybridization Technique:
Pedigree Method: The most common method used in self pollinated crops is pedigree method of selection. The crosses are made between complimentary lines and records are maintained of selections made over number of generations. The procedure provide selection opportunities generation after generations. It allow breeder to identify bet combination with considerable uniformity. The hybrid bulk selection method is relatively inexpensive, in which generations are advanced without selection till F5 to F6 and much material can be handled, nut often difficulty is isolation of superior recombination. To overcome, this difficulty single decent method of selection is used in which population remain constant over segregation generations. Varieties: a) Tilmely sown: NIAW-34, NIAW-301, NIAW-2496, HD-2278, HD-2189. b) Late Sown : HD-2501, Sonalika, HI-977, etc. Back Cross Method: This method is used when variety otherwise is good, high yielding but deficient in simply inherited trait. The obvious effect of this method the production potential of improved variety is fixed at the level of recurrent variety. Recently identified donors always are used in back cross breeding programme. Stem Rust: Resistance gene- Sr2 From variety Hope. Leaf Rust: Resistance gene Lr 13 from variety Sonalika

Hybridization Technique:
Multiline Breeding: It is extension of back cross breeding and could be called Multilateral backcrossing. It consist of spontaneous back cross programme to produce isogenic lines for resistance to disease, in back ground of some recurrent parent. Each isogenic line will be similar to recurrent parent but they will differ for resistance to various physiological farms of diseases. A mixture of these isogenic lines is called multiline variety. E.g. ML-KS-11 (PAU, Ludhiana) and Bithoor developed at CSAUAT, Kanpur. Mutation Breeding: This method is used in depleted gene pool situation. Chemical mutagenes EMS provide broad spectrum genetic changes with lesser sterility effects, as compared to X ray or particular mutation. Varieties developed are 1) NP836, Sarbati Sonora, Pusa larma, etc. are examples of induced mutation and NP-11 is the examples of spontaneous mutation.

Hybridization Technique:
Hybrid Wheat Breeding: Hybrid wheat breeding is not commercially successful through cytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines are available due to following problems. 1) Inadequate heterosis over wide range of environment. 2) Inadequate genetically controlled fertility restoration. 3) High cost of hybrid seed production. Biotechnology: In vitro production of haploids- Anther or pollen culture is used to produce the haploid plants. The frequency of obtaining haploids increase when anthers are treated with cold socks and heat treatments. The haploids when treated with colchicines, the homozygous diploid line can developed in short period and can be used in hybrid breeding programme. The plantlets can be tested in vitro for different stresses drought, salt, disease etc. to evaluate before field screening.

 International Programmes: CIMMYT: International wheat and maize development center- Mexico- It has 20 substations in the world. UNDP: United Nation Development Programme- Washington, financed by World Bank. National Programme: AICOWIP: All India coordinated wheat Improvement Project Established 1965 New Delhi IARI. WPD: Wheat Project Directorate- Established -1991. Shifted to KarnalMultidisciplinary multilicational Research Programme. Collaborating Centres: ARS Mahabaleshwar, ARS Niphad, MKV Parbhani, PDKV Akola, ARS Wasim and MACS Pune.

Improved Variety
Recommended Cultivation Practices of Target Crops:
Plant Breeding 1 2 3 4 GW 405 GW 120 GW 503 GW 496 3567 3667 4570 4503 1985 1985 1989 1989 Late sown Late sown Timely sown Timely sown

5
6 7 8 9 10

GW 190
GW 173 RD 2052 (barley) GW 273 GW 1139 (durum) GW 322

4772
4178 3635 4870 4402 4710

1992
1992 1996 1997 1998 2002

Timely sown
Late sown Timely sown Timely sown Timely sown Timely sown