Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures

Result

Normal Values

Interpretation

CBC
White Blood Cells (WBC) 0.6 Adults: 510x109/L Children: 6.217.0x109/L 0.20-0.40 Lymphoblasts quickly grows and replace WBC in the bone marrow and prevent from being made.

Lymphocytes

0.58

The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into leukemic white blood cells called lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells are unable to function properly, and they can build up and crowd out healthy cells. Due to increased production of Lymphocytes it results in decreased production of RBC and resulting into anemia which is one of the primary symptoms of ALL.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

2.21

Male: 4.56.0x109/L Female: 4.05.5x109/L

Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures Hemoglobin

Result 61

Normal Values

Interpretation

Male: 120-170g/L Changes in this level are due to changes Female: 110in the Red Blood Cell count and occur for 150g/L the same reason resulting to decrease tissue perfusion and leading to pale skin. Male: 0.40-0.54 Decreased in Hematocrit count is due to Female: 0.37-0.47 decreased Red Blood Cell and resulting into anemia. 0.50-0.70 Decreased in Segmenters is usually due to decreased WBC count and occur for the same reason. Not remarkable

Hematocrit

0.19

Segmenters

0.25

Monocytes APC

0.07

0-0.07

Platelet count

28

150-450x109/L

Because of decreased production of Platelet, frequent bleeding results as manifested by bruises.

Laboratory and Result Diagnostic Procedures ALT (SGPT) 22.0

Normal Values

Interpretation

7 -56

There is no remarkable result in both ALT (SGPT) and AST (SGOT). Results are both in normal range which implies that there is no excessive

AST (SGOT)

24.3

5-40

released

in

Aspartate

Aminotransferase (found in heart, kidney, brain, muscle and liver) and Alanine found Aminotransferase in liver). Liver (largely detoxify

medicine normally (as the patient is in still in chemotherapy).

Other Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures for ALL

Bone marrow test Doctors will classify blood cells in to the specific types based on their size, shape and other features Look for certain changes in the cancer cells and determine whether the leukemia cells began from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. This information helps the doctor develop a treatment plan.

X-rays Routine chest x-rays may be done if the doctor suspects a lung infection. They may also be done to look for enlarged lymph nodes in the chest. Computed tomography (CT) scan This test can help tell if any lymph nodes or organs in your body are enlarged. It isn't usually needed to diagnose ALL, but it may be done if your doctor suspects leukemia cells are growing in an organ, like your spleen.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan Like CT scans, MRI scans provide detailed images of soft tissues in the body. MRI scans are very helpful in looking at the brain and spinal cord. Ultrasound Ultrasound uses sound waves and their echoes to produce a picture of internal organs or masses. Ultrasound can be used to look at lymph nodes near the surface of the body or to look for enlarged organs inside your abdomen such as the kidneys, liver, and spleen.

TREATMENT
In general, treatment for ALL falls into separate phases: Induction therapy To kill most of the leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. Consolidation therapy Also called post-remission therapy Destroying the leukemia cells remaining in the brain or spinal cord.

Maintenance therapy Prevents the leukemia cells from regrowing. The treatments used in this stage are often given at much lower doses.

Preventive treatment to the spinal cord Chemotherapy drugs are injected directly into the fluid that covers the spinal cord. This kills cancer cells that cant be reached by chemotherapy drugs given by mouth or through all intravenous line.

Treatments may include: Chemotherapy It uses drugs to kill cancer cells Typically used as an induction therapy for children and adults with ALL. This can also be used in the consolidation and maintenance therapy. Targeted drug therapy Attack specific abnormalities present in the cancer cells that may help them grow and thrive.

Radiation therapy Uses high-powered beams. This is used if the cancer cells have spread to the central nervous system.

Stem cell transplant Used as a consolidation therapy in people at highrisk of relapse or for treating when it occurs. This procedure allows someone with leukemia to re-establish healthy stem cells by replacing leukemic bone marrow with leukemia-free flow.

Generic Name

Dosage/ Action frequency and Route of admin Third generation cephalospo rin that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, promoting osmotic instability usually bactericidal

Indicatio Contra- Adverse n indicatio Reaction n

Nursing Management/Cons ideration

CEFTAZIDI 375 mg ME every 8 hours intravenously Slow IV

Serious UTI and lower respirato ry tract infection

Patients hypersen sitive to drug or other cephalos porin

Headache, dizziness ,paresthesia ,seizures, phlebitis, rashes, urticaria

>before administration, ask patient if he is allergic to penicillin or cephalloporins >obtain specimen for culture and sensitivity tests before giving first dose >therapy may begin while awaiting results

Generic Name

Dosage/fre quency and Route of admin AMIKACIN 55mg every SULFATE 8 hours intravenous ly(negative) ANST

Action

Indication

Contraindication

Adverse Reaction

Nursing Management/C onsideration >obtain specimen for culture and sensitivity test befoe giving first dose,therapy may begin waiting results >evaluate patients hearing before and dering therapy.if he will bw receiving drug for longer than 2 weeks >notify prescriber if patient has tinnitus or hearing loss

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding directly to the 3OS ribosomal subunit;bacte ricidal

erious complicated and recurrent urinary tract infections due to these organisms.

Contraindic ated in patientshyp ersensitive to drug or other aminoglyco sides

Neuromusc ular blockade ototoxicity,a zotemia,nep hrotoxicity,i ncrease in urinary excretion of casts

Generic Name

ACICLOVI R SODIUM

Dosage/fr equency and Route of admin 400mg/5 ml/5ml every 6 hours per orem

Action

Indication

Contra- Adverse indicatio Reaction n

Nursing Management/Cons ideration

Interfere s with DNA synthesis and inhibits viral multiplic ation

First and recurrent episodes of mucotaneous herpes simplex virus(HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections in immmunocom promized patients .severe first episode of genitals herpes in patients who went immunocompr omized

Contrain dicated in patients hyperse nsitivity to drug

Malaise,head eche,enceph alophatic changes,naus ea,vomiting, diarrhea,he maturia,acut e renal failure,rash,it ching.urticari a,inflamation or phlebitiis to injection site

>dont give IM or subcutaneously >in patiennts with renal disease on dehydration and in those taking other nephrotoxic drug,monitor rena function

Generic Name

Dosage/ frequen cy and Route of admin RANITIDINE 8mg HYDROCHLORI every DE hours intraven ously Slow IV

Action

Indicati ContraAdverse on indication Reaction

Nursing Management/Consi deration

Competiti ve inhibits action of histamine on the H2at receptor sites of parietal cells,decr easing gastric acid secretion

* Treat ment of GERD. Sympto matic relief commo nly occurs within 24 hours after starting therapy with ranitidi ne

Contraind icated in patients hypersens itive to drug and those with acute porphyria

Vertigo,malais e,headache,bl urred vision,jaundic e ,burning and itching on injection site,anaphylax is,angioedema

Assess patient for abdominal painnote presence of blood in emesis,stool or gastric aspirate >drug may be added to total parenteral nutrition

Generic Name Dosage/f Action requency and Route of admin CYTARABINE 35 mg IV It kills cancer cells by interferin g with DNA synthesis

Indicatio n

ContraAdverse indication Reaction

Nursing Management/Co nsideration

Acute non lymphocy tic leukemia, acute lymphocy tic leukemia

Contraindi cated in patients hypersens itive to the drug

Neurotoxicity, malaise,dizzine ss Headache,cere bellar syndrome,ede ma,conjuctiviti s,nausea,vomit ing,diarrhea,ur ine retention,renal dysfunction,ra sh pruritus alopecia, freckling

>for intrathecal administration,us e preservativefree normal saline solution add 5ml to 100mg vial or 10ml to 500 mg vial.use immediately after reconstitution.Di scard unused drug.

Generic Name

Dosage/f requency and Route of admin PARACETAMOL 110mg every 4hours intraveno uly prn for temp of 38

Action

Indication Contraindication

Adverse Reaction

Nursing Management/Consid eration

Unknown thought to produce anlgesia by bloking pain impulses by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin in the CNS or other substances that sensitize pain receptors >drug may reieve fever through central action in the hypothalamic heat-regulating center

Pre BT meds: mild pain or fever

Contraindi cated in patients hypersensi tive to the drug

Hematolo gic,hemoly ticanemia, neutropen ia,leukope nia jaundice rashes,urti caria

>many OTC and prescription products contain aceta minophen;be aware of this when calculating total daily dose >use liquid form for children and patients who have difficulty of swallowing.

Generic Name Dosage /freque ncy and Route of admin METOCLOPRA 1.8 mg MIDE intraven HYDROCHLORI ously DE

Action

Indication Contraindication

Adverse Nursing Reaction Managemen t/Considerat ion

Blocks dopamin e receptor s at chemore ceptor triggerzo ne

To prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting from emetogeni c cancer chemother apy

Contraindic ated in patients hypersensi tive to the drug and in those with pheochrom ocytoma or seizure disorders

Contrain dicated in patients hypersen sitive to the drug

>monitor bowel souds >safety and effectiveness of drug havent been established for therapy lasting longer than 12 weeks

Generic Name

Dosage/fr Action equency and Route of admin DIPHENHYDR 110mg IV Comple AMINE tes HYDROCHLO with RIDE histami ne for H,recepto r sites

Indication

Contra- Adverse indicatio Reaction n

Nursing Management/ Consideration

Pre BT med:rh initis,allerg y symptoms, motion sickness,pa rkinsons disease

Contrain dicated in patients hyperse nsitive to the drug

CV and CNS effects.Bl ood disorders. Allergic reactions

>stop drug 4 days before diagnostic skin testing >Alternative injection sites to prevent irritation. >give IM injection deep into large muscle

Generic Name

FUROSE MIDE

Dosage/ Action Indica frequenc tion y and Route of admi 10mg IV acts by Post inhibit BT m ing eds: NKCC2 Acute pulmo nary edem a

Contraindication

Adverse Reaction

Nursing Management/C onsideration

>Contraindicat ed in patients hypersensitive to the drug and in those with anuria

Allergic reaction,hy peruricemia ;bone marrow depression

>to prevent nocturia,give P.O and I.M preparations in the morning.Give second dose in early afternoon

Generic Name TRANEXA MIC ACID

Dosage/ frequency and Route of admi 110 MG IV

Action

Indication Contra-indication

Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine. It exerts its antifibrinolytic effect through the reversible blockade of lysine-binding sites on plasminogen molecules.

Tranexam 1. ic acid is used for the prompt and 2. effective control of hemorrha ge in various surgical and clinical areas: Ex.patient is on 3. active(mo uth sore)blee ding

Nursing Management/Considerati on Allergic Gastrointestinal 1. Unusual change in reaction to disturbances bleeding pattern the drug or (nausea, should be hypersensitivi vomiting, immediately ty diarrhea) may reported to the occur but physician. Presence of disappear when 2. Tranexamic Acid blood clots the dosage is should be used with (eg, in the leg, reduced. extreme caution in lung, eye, Giddiness and CHILDREN younger brain), have a hypotension than 18 years old; history of have been safety and blood clots, reported effectiveness in or are at risk occasionally. these children have for blood Hypotension has not been confirmed. clots been observed 3. Inform the client when that he/she should Current inform the physician administratio intravenous immediately if the n of factor IX injection is too rapid. following severe side complex effects occur: concentrates or antiinhibitor coagulant concentrates

Adverse Reaction

Assessment SUBJECTIVE: napansin kong nagdurugo yung labi at gilagid nya as verbalized by the mother.

Diagnosis Risk for bleeding related to decreased platelet count

Rationale Decreased in the platelet resulting to dehydration and decreasing the clotting factor.

Planning After 8 hours of Nursing Intervention, Jomach will be protect from infection and bleeding hazard that may contribute to patients health condition and may demonsstrate improvement in vital signs, laboratory result, and lessen the difficulty of body function.

Nursing intervention INDEPENDENT: Assess vital signs every 4 hours and body systems every shift for bleeding: 1.Skin and mucous membranes for petechiae, ecchymoses, and hematoma formation

Rationale

Evaluation Goal Met:

OBJECTIVE: Bleeding in gums and lips Headache and dizziness Blurring of vision T: 35.3 P: 103 R: 24 BP: 90/40 RBC: 21.2 Hct: 0.28 Platelet: 28

2.Encourage use of soft-bristle toothbrush or sponge to clean teeth and gums to prevent bleeding and risk of infection

1.Suppression of bone marrow and platelet production places patient at risk of spontaneous/ uncontrolled bleeding. 2.Fragile tissues and altered Clotting mechanisms increase the risk of hemmorhage following even minor trauma.

After 8 hours of Nursing Intervention Jomach was protected from infection and bleeding hazard that may contribute to patients health condition and the mother demonstrate improvement in vital signs, laboratory result, and lessen the difficuty of body function.

Assessment

Diagnosis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention 3. Limit oral care to mouthwash if indicated (a mixture of 1 tsp baking soda or salt in 4-8 oz water or hydrogen peroxide in water) avoid a mouthwash with alcohol. 4. Provide soft diet.

Rationale 3. When beeding is present, even gentle brushing more cause more tissue damage. Alcohol has a dying effect and may painful to irritated tissues.

Evaluation

4. May help reduce gum irritation.

COLLABORATIVE: 1. Administer IV fuids as indicated.

1.Maintains fluid/electrolyte balance in the abscence of oral intake; prevents or minimizes tumor lysis syndrome, reduces risk of renal complications.

Assessment

Diagnosis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention 2. Administer medications as indicated,e.g.: Antiemetics: 5-HT, receptor antagonist drugs such as ordanseton (Zofran) or granisetron (Kytril); Allopurinol (Zylopoprim)

Rationale 2. Relieves nausea/vomiting associated with administration of chemotherapy agents.

Evaluation

Improves renal excretion of toxic by products from breakdown of leukemia cells. Reduces the chances of nephropthy as a result of uric acid production. May be used to alkalinize the urine, preventing or minimizing tumor lysis sydney/kidney stones.

Potassium acetate or citrate, sodium bicarbonate;

Assessmen t

Diagnosis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention Stool softeners.

Rationale Helpful in reducing straining at stool with trauma to rectal tissues Restores/normalizes RBC count and oxygen-carrying capacity to correct anemia. Used to prevent/treat hemmorhage.

Evaluation

Administer RBCs, plateles, clotting factors.

Assessment SUBJECTIVE: Napansin ko na madalas mgkaroon ng ng pasa at palaging pagod at nanghihina si Jomach as verbalized by the mother OBJECTIVE: Irritability Pallor of skin and mucous membranes V/S taken as follows T: 35.3 P: 103 R: 24 BP: 90/40

Diagnosis Risk for infection related to inadequa te primary defenses

Rationale Decreased in the ability to guard self from internal or external threats such as illness or injury.

Planning After 8 hours of nursing interventions the patient will identify actions to prevent or reduce the risk for infection.

Nursing intervention INDEPENDENT: 1. Require good handwashing protocol for all personnel and visitors.

Rationale

Evaluation After 8 hours of nursing interventions the patient was able to identify actions to prevent or reduce the risk for infection.

1. Prevents stasis of respiratory secretions, reducing risk of atelectasis or pneumonia. 2. Protect patient from potential sources of pathogens or infection. 3. Prevents crosscontami nation or reduce risk for infection.

2. Place the patient in private room. Limit visitors as indicated. Prohibit use of live plants or cut flowers. 3. Restrict fresh fruits and vegetables or make sure they are washed or peeled.

Assessmen t

Diagnosi s

Rationale Plannin g

Nursing intervention COLLABORATIVE: 1. Prepare for or assist patient with leukemia treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, and bone marrow transplantation. 2. Administer antibiotics as indicated.

Rationale

Evaluation

1. Leukemia is usually treated with a combination of these agents, each requiring specific safety precautions for patient and care providers.

2. May be given prophylactically or to treat specific infection.

Assessment Subjective Cue(s): Nahihirapan po syang huminga as verbalized by the mother

Diagnosis Ineffectiv e Tissue Perfusion r/t Inadequa tte red bood cell producti on as manifest ed by bradypne a, tachycard ia, Nausea Abdomin al pain Pallor Weaknes s Easy fatigabilit y

Rationale Decreased in oxygen resulting in the failure to nourish the tissues at the capillary level.

Planning After 8 hours of Nursing Intervention, Jomach will demonstrate increased tissue perfusion as individually appropriate.

Nursing intervention A. To identify causative/contrib uting factors. Independent:

Rationale

Evaluation Goal Met:

Objective Cue(s): -V/S: RR: 36 PR: 84

Nausea Pallor/palene ss Weakness Easy fatigability Headache and dizziness

1. Note reports of increasing fatigue, weakness. OBJECTIVES: Observe for A.) To identify tachycardia, causative/contri pallor of buting factors. skin/mucous membranes, B.) To assist dyspnea, and client to chestpain. Plan of correct/minimize patient activities impairment and to avoid fatigue. to promote healing. 2. Note poor hygiene/health C.) To promote practices(e.g. lack wellness. of cleanliness, poor dental care.)

1.May reflect effects of anemia and cardiac responses. To let the patient rest.

After 8 hours of Nursing Intervention, Jomach demonstrate increased tissue perfusion as individually appropriate.
A. Causative contributors and been identified.

2. May impacting tissue health.

Assess ment

Diagn osis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention B. To assist client to correct/minimize impairment and to promote healing. 1. Monitor V/S and monitor I and O.

Rationale

Evaluation B. Correct/Mini mize impairment and to promote clients healing has been assisted.

1. To have a baseline data.

2. Elevate HOB(10 degrees) andmaintain head/neck in midline or neutral position.

3. Encourage quiet, restful atmosphere.

2. To promote circulation/venous drainage.

3. Conserves energy/ lowers tissue Oxygen Demand. 4. To lessen the work of the heart. 5. To maximize blood flow to stomach, enhancing digestion.

4. Caution patient to avoid activities that increase cardiac workload (e.g., straining at stool). 5. Provide small/ easily digested food and fluids, when tolerated and encourage rest after meals.

Assess ment

Diagnosis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention Collaborative: 1. Asssess blood supply and sensation(nerve damage) of affected area.

Rationale

Evaluation C. Wellness had been promoted.

1. To evaluate actual/potential for impairment of circulation to lower extremities. 2. Result less than 0.9 indicates need for close monitoring/ more agressive intervention.

2. Evaluates pulses/calculate anklebrachial index.

Assessment Subjective: Puro pasa yung katawan niya at hinanghina siya. As verbalized by the mother. Pain Scale:3/5 Objective: decreased RR(25cpm), decreased CR(90bpm), sunken eyeballs, pale-looking, petechiae, fever (temp:38.0)

Diagnosis Acute pain related to physical agents enlarged organs and lymph nodes, bone marrow packed with leukemic cells, chemical agents antileukemi c treatments, psychologic al manifestatio nsanxiety, fear

Rationale Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurs when the the body produces a large number of immature white blood cells, called lymphocytes. The cancer cells quickly grow and replace normal cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form blood cells. ALL prevents healthy blood cells from being made. Life-threatening symptoms can occur.

Planning After 24 hours of nursing intervention client will be relieved of pain in relation to having signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia, will appear relaxed and able to sleep and rest appropriately, and will demonstrate behaviors of managing pain.

Nursing intervention 1.Investigat e reports of pain. Note changes in degree (use scale of 0 to 10) and site.

Rationale 1.Helpful in assessing need for interventi on and may indicate developin g complicati ons. 2.May be useful in evaluating verbal comments and effectiven ess of interventi ons.

Evaluation After 24 hours of nursing intervention client was relieved of pain in relation to having signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia, appeared relaxed and able to sleep and rest appropriately , and demonstrate d behaviours of managing pain.

2. Monitor vital signs and note nonverbal cues, such as muscle tension and restlessness .

Assess ment

Diagnosis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention 3. Provide quiet environment and reduce stressful stimuli: noise, lighting, and constant interruptions.

Rationale 3.Promotes rest and enhances coping abilities.

Evaluation

4. Place in position of comfort, and support joints and extremities with pillows and other padding. 5. Reposition periodically and provide or assist with gentle range-ofmotion (ROM) exercises.

4.May decrease associated bone and joint discomfort.

5.Improves tissue circulation and joint mobility.

Assessment Subjective: Walang ganang kumain ang anak ko. As verbalized by mother.

Diagnosis Altered Nutrition : Less than Body Requirem ents related to Loss of Appetite and Weaknes s

Rationale Imbalance nutrition: less than body requirements refers to an intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily requirements because of inadequate food intake or improper digestion and absorption of food. An inadequate food intake may be caused by the inability to acquire or prepare food, inadequate knowledge about essential nutrients and a balanced diet.

Planning After 24 hours of therapeutic nursing interventio n, client will demonstrat e good appetite, will improve nutrition status, and will manifest appropriat e daily activities.

Nursing intervention 1.Weigh regularly and evaluate weightloss over time. 2. Offer client small but frequent mealand snacks including lowfat,high-caloric food e.g., potatoes, bread. 3. Give supplemental nutrition e.g.,multivitami ns

Rationale 1.To determine degree of malnutrition.

Evaluation Goal met. After 24 hours of therapeutic nursing interventio n, client demonstrat ed good appetite, improved nutrition status, and manifested appropriat e daily activities.

Objective: Decreased CR(85bpm), Decreased RR(20cpm), Weight: 6lbs Inflamed oral mucous membrane, Palelooking, Sunken eyeballs

2. Bigmeal will suppress the appetite andsmallfrequent meal are often better tolerated.

3. To improve the nutritional status.

Assess ment

Diagnosis

Rationale

Planning

Nursing intervention 4.Increase fluid intake

Rationale 4.To promote good hydration

Evaluation

5. Arrange dietician to 5.To improve the discuss with client or nutritional status. family on proper diet intake and helpful dietary medifications.

I. DISCHARGE GOAL
a. Complications prevented/minimized b. Pain relieved/controlled c. Dealing with desease realistically d. Disease process/prognosis and therapeutic regimen understood e. Plan in place to needs after discharge

II. Medication

III. Diet

IV.FOLLOW UP VISIT/CHECK-UP

V. IMPORTANT HEALTH TEACHING INCLUDES

A. Pay attention on medication regimen, dietary and fluid restriction. B. Eat well, good nutrition can help to feel better during treatment and disease treatment side effects, decrease risk for infection, and help to maintain a healthy weight and heal faster (Eat small-frequent meal and snacks rather than 1 big meal which will only suppress the appetite.

C. Drink fluids about 2-3liters each day or prescribe the Doctor. D. Avoid constipation. These can irritate the rectum which can cause infection. E. Rest (going to bed early and getting up late may also help) F. Exercise keeps you healthy. Decrease activities if blood count is low based on the result of blood test.

VI. SEEK IMMEDIATELY IF:

A. Have headache, blurred vision, stiff neck, or have trouble thinking. B. Coughing out of blood (this may be a serious bleeding inside the body) C. Have chest pain D. Have trouble breathing

VII. NURSING PRIORITIES

A. Prevent infection during acute phases of disease/treatment B. Maintain circulating blood volume C. Alleviate pain D. Promote optimal physical functioning E. Provide psychological support F. Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment

VII. SIGNS OF AN INFECTIONS

A. sores, swelling, redness, or white patches in the mouth or throat. B. Redness, pain, hemorrhoids in the rectum C. Diarrhea D. Heat or pain in the eyes, ears, skin, joints, or abdomen E. Pain or burning when urinating, or bad smelling urine F. Coughing, trouble breathing or changes in the color of sputum

VIII. INFECTION PROTECTION

Place in room screen/limit visitors as indicated. Prohibit use of live plants/cut flowers. Restrict fresh fruits and vegetables or make it sure they are wash or peeled.

IX. BLEEDING PRECAUTIONS

Inspect skin/mucus membranes for petechiae, ecchymotic areas, note bleeding gums, frank or occult blood in the stool and urine, oozing for invasive line sites

X. PAIN MANAGEMENT
Place in position of comfort and support joints, extremities, with pillows/padding. Evaluate reports of fatigue, inability to participate in activities.

Summary
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is a cancer that starts from white blood cells called lymphocytes in the bone marrow (the soft inner part of the bones, where new blood cells are made).

This study helps the student to:

Know more about the lymphocytic leukemia. Determine the difference between lymphoblastic and lymphocytic leukemia. Be familiarized with the different procedures done to the patient. Know more about the appropriate assessments regarding the lymphocytic leukemia. Know the different method and treatments on lymphocytic leukemia.

Recommendations
For most people, the cause of ALL is unknown. For this reason, there is no known way to prevent it. However, there are a few known risk factors for this type of leukemia.

Risk Factors
Avoid Exposure to high levels of radiation to treat other types of cancer Avoid Exposure to certain chemicals such as benzene, a solvent used in oil refineries and other industries and present in cigarette smoke, certain cleaning products, detergents, and paint strippers

 Reduce Infection with human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) in rarer cases outside the U.S. or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a related leukemia more commonly seen in Africa.