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TKI 234: Pemrograman Komputer

Semester Genap 2007 /2008

Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

1. Introduction of Computer
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Introduction
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A computer is a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-

defined manner It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)

There are two basic parts to a computer:
Hardware - wires, transistors, and circuits Software - instructions and data

Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

Hardware
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The hardware are the parts of computer itself including

the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and related microchips and micro-circuitry, keyboards, monitors, case and drives (floppy, hard, CD, DVD, optical, tape, etc...). Other extra parts called peripheral components or devices include mouse, printers, modems, scanners, digital cameras and cards (sound, colour, video) etc... Together they are often referred to as a personal computer or PC.

Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes just

processor, is a description of a class of logic machines that can execute computer programs. Currently the Pentium chip or processor, made by Intel, is the most common CPU though there are many other companies that produce processors for personal computers. Examples are the CPU made by Motorola and AMD.

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Monitor
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A monitor shows information on the screen when you type.

This is called outputting information. Monitors come in many types and sizes from the simple monochrome (one color) screen to full color screens. A cathode ray tube (CRT) and a liquid crystal display (LCD) To get the full benefit of today's software with full color graphics and animation, computers need a color monitor with a display or graphics card.

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Printer
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A printer takes the information on your screen and

transfers it to paper or a hard copy. The three basic types of printer are:
Dot matrix printers work like a typewriter transferring ink

from a ribbon to paper with a series or 'matrix' of tiny pins. Ink jet printers work like dot matrix printers but fires a stream of ink from a cartridge directly onto the paper. Laser printers use the same technology as a photocopier using heat to transfer toner onto paper.

Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

Other Devices
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Software
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The software is the information that the computer uses to get

the job done. Software needs to be accessed before it can be used. There are many terms used for process of accessing software including running, executing, starting up, opening, and others. Examples of software programs or applications would be the Operating System (DOS, Windows 9x/Millenium/XP, O/S2, UNIX, MacOS 9.x/10.x and various others), Wordprocessor (typing letters), Spreadsheet (financial info), Database (inventory control and address book), Graphics program, Internet Browser, Email and many others.

Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

Software
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The three basic types of software are: Commercial software comes prepackaged and is available from

software stores and through the Internet. Shareware is software developed by individual or small companies that cannot afford to market their software world wide or by a company that wants to release a demonstration version of their commercial product. You will have an evaluation period in which you can decide whether to purchase the product or not. Shareware software often is disabled in some. Open Source software is released into the public domain for public use. There is usually a copyright notice that must remain with the software product. Many popular Open Source applications are being developed and upgraded regularly by individuals and companies that believe in the Open Source concept.
Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

Units of Measure for Digital Information

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Bit
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long.

Byte
A byte is a unit of measurement of information storage.

Most often consisting of 8 bits (1 byte = 8 bits)

KiloByte
1 KB = 210 KB = 1 KiloByte = 1 KibiByte = 1024 Bytes

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Units of Measure for Digital Information

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Prefix K or k M G T P E

Name kilo mega giga tera peta exa

SI Meaning 103 = 10001 106 = 10002 109 = 10003 1012 = 10004 1015 = 10005 1018 = 10006

Binary Meaning 210 = 10241 220 = 10242 230 = 10243 240 = 10244 250 = 10245 260 = 10246

Size difference 2.40% 4.86% 7.37% 9.95% 12.59% 15.29%

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Logical Operators
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A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital

circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. There are seven basic logic gates: AND OR XOR NOT NAND NOR XNOR
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AND Gate
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The AND gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical

conjunction A HIGH output (1) results only if both the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output results.
INPUT A 0 0 1 1
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OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 A AND B 0 0 0 1

OR Gate
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The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical

disjunction. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is HIGH, a LOW output (0) results.
INPUT A 0 0 1 1
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OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 A OR B 0 1 1 1

XOR Gate
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The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate) is a digital logic gate

that implements exclusive disjunction. A HIGH output (1) results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is HIGH (1). If both inputs are LOW (0) or both are HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results.
INPUT A 0 0 1 1
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OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 A XOR B 0 1 1 0

NOT Gate
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The NOT gate or inverter is a digital logic gate that

implements logical negation. A HIGH output (1) results if the inputs is LOW (0). If the input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results.
INPUT A 0 1 OUTPUT NOT A 1 0

Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008