Presentation on

SUB STATION BASIC : PART I

Single Line Diagram Bus Bar Arrangement Sub Station Layout
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Introduction
The economics of generation of electrical energy and the huge demands for power in the modern times requires creation of bigger POWER STATIONS. The power stations may be far from the load centre / consumers and so long high voltage transmission lines are necessary for transfer of bulk power from power station to different load centres. In between power station and ultimate consumers a number of transformation and switching stations are to be created. Such stations are known as Sub Station.

Concept of Power System

What is Sub Station ?

A SUBSTATION is a subsidiary station of an electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or vise versa using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. A Step-up transformer increases the voltage and proportionally decreases the current, while a stepdown transformer decreases the voltage and proportionally increases the current for domestic and commercial distribution.
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House Electrification
BUS BAR STRIPS 3- & 1- MCBs

SOURCE CABLE (Incoming) 3- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing) 1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing) 1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

DISTRIBUTION BOARD
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TR. LINE TR. LINE (INCOMER / OUTGOING) (INCOMER)

General Arrangement

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR CAP. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER WAVE TRAP CURRENT TRANSFORMER EARTH SWITCH ISOLATOR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER SUB STATION POWER TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT BREAKER BUS BAR ISOLATOR

Single Bus Bar Scheme

SUB STATION

POWER STATION

LOAD CENTRE

Faulty

BUS BAR

Faulty

Advantage & Disadvantage

SINGLE BUS BAR (UPTO 33kV SS)

Advantages
Lowest cost Small land area required Easily expandable Simple in concept and operation

Disadvantages
Lowest reliability Failure of a circuit breaker causes loss of the feeder

Bus fault causes loss of the entire substation

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Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Loss of the entire Sub Station in case of Bus fault. Requirement ?

Avoid loss of entire bus i.e., entire Sub Station in Bus fault.
How to Achieve ?

By Sectionalizing the Single Bus Bar.

Arrangement ? Sectionalisation of Single Bus Bar Arrangement.

Sectionalization of Single Bus Bar Scheme

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

Faulty

Faulty

BUS SECTION - I

BUS SECTION - II

SECTIONALIZING CB
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Advantage & Disadvantage

SECTIONALIZATION BUS BAR (33kV & 66kV SS)

Advantages
Flexible operation Higher reliability than single bus scheme Isolation of bus sections for maintenance Loss of only part of the substation for a bus fault

Disadvantages
Loss of circuit for breaker failure A sectionalized bus arrangement has a higher cost than a single bus scheme as additional circuit breaker and isolators are required for sectionalizing
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Improvement
Main Disadvantage ? Circuit Breaker failures are more than Bus fault. Thus, we loose important feeder in case of Circuit Breaker outage. Requirement ? Avoid loss of important circuit in case of Circuit Breaker outage. How to Achieve ? By by-passing the faulty circuit breaker.

Arrangement ?
Main and Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
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Main and Transfer Bus Bar Scheme

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

TRANSFER BUS COUPLER (TBC)

Faulty MAIN BUS I

Faulty TRANSFER BUS

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Advantage & Disadvantage

MAIN & TRANSFER BUS BAR (132kV SS)

Advantages
Circuit breaker outage / maintenance does not disrupt the service of feeder / circuit

Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area Easily expandable

Disadvantages
Bus Fault causes disruption of service of entire sub station

An additional circuit breaker is required for bus tie

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Improvement
Main Disadvantage ? Bus fault in a sub station having more nos. of circuits causes greater interruption of power. In Main and Transfer Bus Bar arrangement bus fault results loss of entire sub station i.e., all circuits.

Requirement ?
Avoid loss of too many circuits in case of bus fault. How to Achieve ?

By providing another Main Bus for connection of circuits.

Arrangement ?

Double Main Bus Bar Arrangement.

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Double Main Bus Bar Scheme Single Bus Scheme Mode

SUB STATION POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

BUS COUPLER (BC)

Faulty

MAIN BUS I
MAIN BUS II
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Faulty

Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE MAIN BUS BAR (220kV SS)

Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit

Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area Easily expandable Disadvantages Circuit Breaker outage causes disruption of service of that feeder

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Main Disadvantage ?

Improvement

Double Main Bus arrangement is an alternative to Main & Transfer Bus scheme. In both cases, the investment is same. The only difference is that in Double Main Bus the outage of Bus Bar and in Main & Transfer Bus the outage of Breaker is prioritized.

Interruption of Power during Isolator operation.

Requirement ? Both Bus fault and Circuit Breaker outage are to be taken care off. How to Achieve ? By using one of the Main Buses as Main Cum Transfer Bus. Arrangement ? Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
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Double Main Main and Cum Transfer Transfer Bus Bus Scheme Bar Scheme Mode Single
SUB STATION
POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE

BUS I CUM TRANSFER

Faulty

Faulty BC

BUS II
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Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE MAIN CUM TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV SS)
Advantages Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit Circuit Breaker outage does not cause disruption of service of that feeder Reasonable in cost Fairly small land area Easily expandable Disadvantages Additional Isolator in each circuit increases the cost

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Improvement
Main Disadvantage ? Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Bar arrangement outage of Circuit Breaker and Bus together causes loss of faulty Circuit Breaker feeder. Interruption of Power during Isolator Operation. Requirement ? Avoid loss of feeder in case of simultaneous outage of Circuit Breaker and a Main Bus. How to Achieve ? By providing separate transfer Bus along with Double Main Buses. Arrangement ? Double Main and Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
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Double Main and Transfer Bus Bar Scheme Main and Single Transfer Bus Scheme Scheme Mode Mode
SUB STATION
POWER STATION LOAD CENTRE BC

INTERRUPTION
BUS I
BUS II

Faulty

Faulty

TBC

TRANSFER BUS

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Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV SS)

Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does not disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit

Circuit Breaker outage does not cause disruption of service of that feeder
Maintenance of Bus and CB does not interrupt supply

Disadvantages
Additional Isolator and Circuit Breaker required for transfer Bus tie.

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Main Disadvantage ?

Improvement

Interruption of Power during Isolator operation. Interruption of Power is likely to cause major disturbance if the feeders are important and heavily loaded. Requirement ?

Avoid interruption of important and heavily loaded feeders during bus fault or outage of Circuit Breaker.
How to Achieve ? By connection of circuits for double feed through Circuit Breakers and avoid Isolator switching. Arrangement ? One and a Half Breaker Bus Bar Arrangement.
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One and a Half Breaker Bus Bar Scheme

BUS I
POWER STATION

BUS II

MAIN CB

TIE CB

MAIN CB

Faulty

MAIN CB

TIE CB
Faulty

MAIN CB

Faulty

SUB STATION

LOAD CENTRE

Faulty
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Advantage & Disadvantage

ONE & HALF BREAKER BUS BAR (400kV SS) Advantages Flexible operation High reliability Can isolate either main bus for maintenance without disrupting service Can isolate any circuit breaker for maintenance without disrupting service Double feed to each circuit Bus fault does not interrupt service to any circuits All switching done with circuit breakers Disadvantages One-and-a-half breakers are required per circuit
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Important

Improvement

In transmission system the highest reliable Bus Bar Arrangement adopted by POWERGRID is One and a Half Bus Bar Scheme. However, where bulk power evacuation without alternative path is concerned, further reliable arrangement may be adopted. What Arrangement ?

Connection of circuits in Double Bus Bar Arrangement where each circuit will have a spare Circuit Breaker in service. Where can be used ?
In large Generating Plants where implication of generation outage is much higher than the cost of Circuit Breakers.
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Double Breaker Bus Bar Scheme

BUS I

BUS II

POWER STATION

Faulty

SUB STATION

LOAD CENTRE

Faulty

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DOUBLE BREAKER BUS BAR (Mega Generating Units) Advantages Flexible operation Very high reliability Isolation of either main bus for maintenance without disrupting service Isolation of any circuit breaker for maintenance without disrupting service Double feed to each circuit No interruption of service to any circuits from bus fault Loss of only one circuit for breaker failure All switching with circuit breakers Disadvantages This configuration carries a high cost Two circuit breakers are required for each circuit.
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Advantage & Disadvantage

PHOTOGRAPHS

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Photographs

BUS BAR

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Photographs

CIRCUIT BREAKER

ISOLATOR AND EARTH SWITCH

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Photographs

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

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Photographs

LIGHTNING ARRESTER

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

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Photographs

WAVE TRAP

TRANSMISSION LINE

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Photographs

TRANSFORMER
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Photographs

REACTOR
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Photographs

SUB STATION

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LAYOUT & SECTION

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DRAWING EXAMPLE : 1
CL-TFR. CL-LA

CL-LA CL-CVT
CL-WT CL-CT CL-ISO

CL-CB

CL-ISO

SLIDE : 1 of 3

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DRAWING EXAMPLE : 1
Earth Wire Gantry

LA

CVT WT

CT

ISO & ES

CB

ISO

Ground Level

SECTION - AA

SLIDE : 2 of 3

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DRAWING EXAMPLE : 1

Transformer

LA

CT

ISO

CB

ISO

Ground Level

SECTION - BB

SLIDE : 3 of 3

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A CL-LA CL-CVT CL-WT CL-CT CL-ISO CL-CB

DRAWING EXAMPLE : 2
CL-TFR. CL-LA

CL-ISO CL-ISO

SLIDE : 1 of 3

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DRAWING EXAMPLE : 2
Earth Wire Gantry

LA

CVT WT

CT

ISO & ES

CB

ISO

ISO

Ground Level

SECTION - AA

SLIDE : 2 of 3

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DRAWING EXAMPLE : 2
Earth Wire
Gantry

Transformer

LA

CT

ISO & ES

CB

ISO

ISO

Ground Level

SECTION - BB

SLIDE : 3 of 3

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QUESTION
What are the different parts of Power System ? What is Sub Station ?

What is Single Line Diagram ?

Explain BUS BAR ? What do you understand by Bus Bar Arrangement ? What are the limitations of Single Bus Bar Scheme ? What is the advantage of Sectionalisation of Single Bus Bar over Single Bus Arrangement ? Bus Bar Arrangement for 132kV Sub Station is
.

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QUESTION
What are the limitations of Main & Transfer Bus Bar Scheme ?

How does Double Main Bus Scheme differ from Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement ?
What is the difference between Double Main Bus and Double Main Cum Transfer Bus Arrangement ? What is the Bus Bar Arrangement for Sub Station having voltage class 400kV & above ?

What is the advantages of One and a half Breaker Bus Bar Scheme ?
What is the advantage & Disadvantage of Two Breaker Bus Bar Scheme and where the same is used ?
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QUESTION
Explain the purpose of using
(a) Circuit Breaker

(b) Isolator
(c) Earth Switch (d) Lightning Arrestor (e) Current Transformer (f) Potential Transformer (g) Capacitor Voltage Transformer (h) Wave Trap (i) Power Transformer
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