NANO-SCIENCE

NANO- GREEK WORD-DWARF(SMALL)

NANO means one billionth or 10-9 1 nm = 10-9 metre A nanometer is used to measure the things that are very small

such as atoms and molecules. For example hydrogen atom is 0.1 nm and red blood cell is 500 nm in size. When nano prefix is used with science and technology, it becomes a new field of physics.

 Nanoscience is the study of phenomenon and manipulation

of materials at atomic , molecular and macromolecular scales.

Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production

and application of structures, devices and systems. The work is done by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.

Significance of Nanoscale

The properties of materials are different at the nanoscale for

two main reasons: Large surface to volume ratio Quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior of matter at the nanoscale.

Quantum confinement
Quantum confinement occurs when one or more of the dimensions of a material is made very small so that it approaches the size of an exciton in bulk crystal, called the Bohr exciton radius.

When materials are this small, their electronic and optical properties deviate substantially from those of bulk materials.

What are Nanostructures?

At least one dimension is between 1 - 100 nm 2-D structures (1-D confinement): Thin films Planar quantum wells Superlattices 1-D structures (2-D confinement): Nanowires Quantum wires Nanorods Nanotubes 0-D structures (3-D confinement): Nanoparticles Multi-wall carbon Quantum dots nanotube

2 m

Si Nanowire Array

Quantum Well, Wires and Dots

Introduction
Quantum dots are semiconductors whose excitons are

confined in all three dimensions of space.

Quantum dots have properties combined between

Those of bulk semiconductors Those of discrete molecules

Different methods to create quantum dots. Multiple applications.

Bulk Semiconductors
Electrons in conduction band (and holes in the valence

band) are free to move in all three dimensions of space.

Thin Film Semiconductors

Electrons in conduction band (and

holes in the valence band) are free to move in two dimensions. Confined in one dimension by a potential well. Potential well created due to a larger bandgap of the semiconductors on either side of the thin film. Thinner films lead to higher energy levels.

Quantum Wire

Thin semiconductor wire surrounded

by a material with a larger bandgap. Surrounding material confines electrons and holes in two dimensions (carriers can only move in one dimension) due to its larger bandgap.

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Quantum Dot
Electrons

and holes are confined in all three dimensions of space by a surrounding material with a larger bandgap. Discrete energy levels . A quantum dot has a larger bandgap. Like bulk semiconductor, electrons tend to make transitions near the edges of the bandgap in quantum dots.

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Quantum Dot
Very small semiconductor particles with a size comparable

to the Bohr radius of the excitons (separation of electron and hole). Typical dimensions: 1 10 nm Can be as large as several m. Different shapes (cubes, spheres, pyramids, etc.)

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Discrete Energy Levels

The energy levels depend on

the size, and also the shape, of the quantum dot. Smaller quantum dot: Higher energy required to confine excitons to a smaller volume. Energy levels increase in energy and spread out more. Higher band gap energy.

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CdSe Quantum Dot

5 nm dots: red 1.5 nm dots: violet

Synthesis of Nanomaterials
There are number of methods---

(1) Physical Methods (2) Chemical Methods (3) Biological Methods

Colloidal Synthesis CdSe Q.Dot

First, a Cd precursor (Cd: oleic acid) was prepared by

dissolving cadmium oxide into oleic acid. A selenium precursor (TOP: Se) was prepared by dissolving Se into trioctylphosphine , which is a coordination solvent. Cd: oleic acid was mixed with a mixture of TOP and trioctylphosphine oxide, which is another coordination solvent. The precursor TOP: Se was quickly injected into this mixed solution and stirred. Hexadecylamine is added in the mixed solution .

The reaction was carried out at 120, 150, and 180C under an argon atmosphere to prevent oxidization and ignition of the solution.

Chemical reaction in the synthesis of CdSe Qdots

Applications

Photovoltaic devices: solar cells Biology : biosensors, imaging Light emitting diodes: LEDs Quantum computation Flat-panel displays Memory elements Photodetectors Lasers

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Carbon Molecules

Fullerenes
A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of

carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotube or buckytubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.

The first fullerene to be discovered, and the family's namesake,

was buckminsterfullerene C60, made in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley.
The name was an homage to Richard Buckminster Fuller.. A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large

current between two nearly graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere.

The resulting carbon plasma arc between the electrodes cools into

sooty residue from which many fullerenes can be isolated.

Creation and use of Buckyballs

Until 1985,there were only two known forms of pure carbon. First of all we shall discussed the structures of diamond and graphite. Diamond: In diamond the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice.

Structure of diamond

Graphite: Graphite is a layered compound. In each layer, the carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice with separation of 0.142 nm, and the distance between planes is 0.335 nm. The two known forms of graphite, alpha (hexagonal) and beta (rhombohedral), have very similar physical properties (except that the garphene layers stack slightly differently)

Structure of graphite sheet

Buckyball
In 1985,a third form of carbon was discovered. It is hollow cluster of 60 carbon atoms shaped like a football. Buckminsterfullerene (C60) was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller..

Buckyball

Properties of buckyballs

The C60 molecule is extremely stable, being able to

withstand high temperatures and pressures.

The exposed surface of the structure is able react

with other species while maintaining the spherical geometry.

The hollow structure is also able to entrap other

smaller species such as helium, while at the same time not reacting with the fullerene molecule.

Applications of buckyballs

Some potential applications for fullerenes include: Superconductors Lubricants Catalysts due to their high reactivity

Drug delivery systems, pharmaceuticals and targeted cancer

therapies. Hydrogen storage as almost every carbon atom in C60 can absorb a hydrogen atom without disrupting the buckyball structure, making it more effective than metal hydrides. This could lead to applications in fuel cells.

Optical devices Chemical sensors Photovoltaics Polymer electronics such as Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETS) Antioxidants Polymer additives Cosmetics, where they mop up free radicals. Diamonds, fullerenes have been used as precursors to produce diamond films

CARBON NANOTUBES
Discovered Highly

in 1991 by Japanese Microscopist Sumio Iijima

ordered sheet of Carbon atoms rolled into a tube

Structures of CNT
SWNT MWNT

Drawn

a lot of attention due to extraordinary properties:

Very

high Electrical conductivity

Thermal

conductivity higher than Copper

Mechanical

than Steel Single Atomic Layer Wall

Wide

strength greater

Concentric atomic layer walls

Applications

Field Emission-Based Devices, Chemical Sensors, H2 Gas Storage, Adsorbents, BioSensors, Nano-Electronics, Nano-Tweezers

Synthesis of Nanotubes

There are many different techniques to grow carbon nanotubes. Main three techniques are; Arc discharge Laser Ablation Chemical vapor Deposition

Arc Discharge
This is the first method to make SWNTs, MWNTs. This is the most common and easiest way to make carbon nanotubes:

Fig: Arc Discharge Reactor

This method creates nanotubes through arc-vaporization of two carbon rods placed end to end, separated by approximately 1mm, in an enclosure that is usually filled with inert gas (helium, argon)) at low pressure (between 50 and 700 mbar). A direct current of 50 to 100 A driven by approximately 20 V creates a high temperature (T > 3000C) discharge between two electrodes. The discharge vaporizes on of the carbon rods and forms a small rod shaped deposit on the other rod. Producing nanotubes in high yield depends on the uniformity of the plasma arc and the temperature of the deposit form on the carbon electrode. Efficient cooling is necessary to form homogenous deposition of carbon nanotubes.

Laser Ablation Process

In this method a pulsed or continuous laser is used to vaporize a graphite target in an oven. A graphite pellet containing the catalyst is placed in the middle of a quartz tube filled with inert gas and placed in an oven maintained at a temperature of 1200C.The oven is filled with helium or argon gas in order to keep the pressure at 500 Torr.

Fig.Laser Ablation Method

A very hot vapor plume forms, then expands and cools rapidly. As the vaporizes species cool, small carbon molecules and atoms quickly condense to form larger clusters, possibly including fullerenes. The condensates obtained by laser ablation are contaminated with carbon nanotubes and carbon nanoparticle. In the case of pure graphite electrodes, MWNTs would be synthesized, but uniform SWNTs could be synthesized if a mixture of graphite with Co, Ni, Fe, or Y was used instead of pure graphite.

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis is achieved by putting a carbon source in the gas phase and using an energy source, such as a plasma or a resistively heated coil, to transfer energy to a gaseous carbon molecule .

Fig.CVD

Commonly used gaseous carbon sources include methane, carbon monoxide and acetylene. The energy source is used to crack the molecule into reactive atomic carbon.
Then the carbon diffuses towards the substrate, which is heated and coated with a catalyst (Ni, Fe, or Co) where it will bind. Carbon nanotubes will be formed if the proper parameters are maintained. The temperatures for the synthesis of nanotubes by CVD are generally within the 650-900C range.

Structure of Carbon Nanotubes

We can imagine a sheet of graphite (carbon atoms disposed in a honeycomb lattice, graphene) rolling up to form a cylinder. These cylindrical structures are called Carbon Nanotubes. Vector notation of Carbon Nanotubes

The nanotubes are most easily explained in terms of the unit cell of a carbon nanotube - in other words, the smallest group of atoms that defines its structure. The so-called chiral vector of the nanotube.

C h na 1 ma 2 (n, m)

where 1 and 2 are unit vectors in the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, and n and m are integers.

Another important parameter is the chiral angle, which is the angle between Ch and 1.

Nanotube classification on basis of chiral angle

Rolled in many ways
Zig-Zag

type

(nm, m=0; =0)

Armchair

type

(n=m; =30)
Helical

type/Chiral (0 < <30)

PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES

Electrical Conductivity Highly conducting, can be either metallic or semi- conducting in their electrical behavior. Exhibit a property known as Ballistic conduction. Conductivity has been shown to be a function of their chirality (degree of twist), as well as their diameter Depending on their chiral vector, carbon nanotubes with a small diameter are either semiconducting or metallic

Thermal Conductivity One of best heat conducting materials. The temperature stability of carbon nanotube is estimated to be up to 2800 C in vacuum and about 750C in air. Ultra-small SWNTs have even been shown to exhibit superconductivity below 20 k. Carbon nanotubes are very strong against strong acid and high temperature because of their perfect conjugated system. The thermal conductivity drops significantly to 3000w/m-k when the temperature is increased to 400 k.

Mechanical Properties Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical all-carbon molecules composed of concentric graphitic shells with extremely strong covalent bonding of atoms with shells. This property makes them one of the strongest materials known, both in terms of tensile strength elastic modulus. They tend to undergo buckling when placed under compressive or bending stress.

Field Emission Their small diameter and high aspect ratio favors field emission. Emit at low voltage, an important fact for building electrical devices that utilize this feature. Current density as high as 1013 A/cm2. This light emission occurs in the visible part of the spectrum, and can sometimes be seen with the naked eye. Closed nanotubes can produce significant emission currents at much lower applied voltages.

Adsorption Properties The theoretical surface area of a carbon nanotube has a broad range from 50 to 1315 m2 g1 depending on the number of walls, the diameter, and the number of nanotubes in a bundle of SWNTs.

Fig.. Sketch of a SWNT bundle, illustrating the four different adsorption sites Experimentally, the surface area of a SWNT is often larger than that of a MWNT. The total surface area of asgrown SWNTs is typically between 400 and 900m2 g1 (micro pore volume, 0.150.3 cm3 g1), whereas values of 200 and 400m2 g1 for as-produced MWNTs are often reported.

APPLICATION OF NANOTUBES

There are Many application of carbon nanotubes

Conductivity and geometry is ideal for interconnection s in molecular electrons. Ability to functionalize and used as catalyst supporters. Shown to absorb infrared light, may be used in I/R optics Industry. Space elevator CNT Nano- Balance CNT Nano-Gear and Puncher CNT transistor CNT gas sensor CNT flow sensor CNT chemical actuator CNT IR detector CNT Nanothermometer

APPLICATIONS of NANOTECHNOLOGY

COMPUTERS

Single atom can be in two places, hence 03 atoms can represent all eight nos at a given time. Extrapolation of the above fact . Each logic elements made from a few atoms Mass storage device in size of a sugar cube

COMPUTERS
Tiny nano-engineered ferroelectric

crystals could realize of creating nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM).

Cool chips

MEDICINE
Fluids of nano particles Slow down ageing process No scar surgeries Artificial limbs

MEDICINE
Cancer and HIV Nano filters- capable of absorbing viruses Nano catalyst improves efficiency of a

reaction.

Applications Contd
Agriculture Space Military Telecommunication

Applications Contd..
Sports Energy Environment ..

FEAR
Nuclear and atomic bombs can have

different dimensions
Cloning and miniaturization Nano medicine- worrying factor!

CONCLUSION
Improvements and developments in

existing products, such as stronger and lighter materials.

Potential to initiate completely new

products and industries that do not exist today

CONCLUSION

BIG FUTURE FOR THE TINY TECHNOLOGY