IS1893 Lecture1

Lecture 1
This lecture covers Foreword, Scope and References IS:1893-2002(Part I) January 13, 2003
1
IS:1893-2002

IS:1893 first published in 1962. Revised in 1966, 1970, 1975, 1984, and now in 2002. Beginning 2002, this code is being split into several parts
So that revisions can take place more frequently!
Only Part 1 of the code has been published in 2002. Other parts may take a while.
Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur
E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002
Lecture 1 / slide 2
Different Parts of IS:1893

Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings Part 2: Liquid Retaining Tanks Elevated and Ground Supported Part 3: Bridges and Retaining Walls Part 4: Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structures Part 5: Dams and Embankments
Lecture 1 / slide 3
What does IS:1893 Cover?

Specifies Seismic Design Force Other seismic requirements for design, detailing and construction are covered in other codes
e.g., IS:4326, IS:13920, ...
For an earthquake-resistant structure, one has to follow IS:1893 together with seismic design and detailing codes.
Lecture 1 / slide 4
Coverage of Part 1
General Provisions
Applicable to all structures
Provisions on Buildings To address the situation that other parts of the code are not yet released, Note on page 2 of the code says in the interim period, provisions of Part 1 will be read along with the relevant clauses of IS:1893-1984 for structures other than buildings
In my opinion, this is problematic. For instance, what value of R to use for overhead water tanks?
E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002 Lecture 1 / slide 5
Major Changes
Since the code has been revised after a very long time (~18 years), there are many significant changes. In this presentation we will overview some of the philosophical changes discussed in Foreword of the code.
Lecture 1 / slide 6
Zone Map

1962 and 1966 maps had seven zones (0 to VI) In 1967, Koyna earthquake (M6.5, about 200 killed) occurred in zone I of 1966 map In 1970 zone map revised:
Zones O and VI dropped; only five zones
No change in map in 1975 and 1984 editions
Lecture 1 / slide 7
Zone Map (contd)
Latur (1993) earthquake (mag. 6.2, about 8000 deaths) in zone I! Revision of zone map in 2002 edition Zone I has been merged upwards into zone II.
Now only four zones: II, III, IV and V.
In the peninsular India, some parts of zone I and zone II are now in zone III.
Lecture 1 / slide 8
Zone Map (contd)
Compare carefully new and old zone maps
Chennai and Nellore (AP) in zone II earlier, now in zone III. Area around Latur in zone I earlier, now in zone III
Lecture 1 / slide 9
Zone Map (contd)
Notice the location of Allahabad and Varanasi in the new zone map. There is an error and the locations of these two cities have been interchanged in the map. Varanasi should be in zone III and Allahabad in zone II.
The Annex E of the code gives correct zones for these two cities
Lecture 1 / slide 10
Zone Map (contd)

Also notice another error in the new zone map Location of Calcutta has been shown incorrectly in zone IV Calcutta is in fact in zone III
Annex E of the code correctly lists Kolkata is in zone III.
Preface
Compare clause 0.4 of old code (1984 version) and last para, page 2 of new code. It is clear that the code is meant for normal structures, and For special structures, site-specific seismic design criteria should be evolved by the specialists.
Preface (contd)
Compare clause 0.4.1 of 1984 code and the top para, page 3 of new code. The following sentence has now been dropped:
There might be cases of less importance and relatively small structures for which no analysis need be made, provided certain simple precautions are taken in the construction.
There were instances of this clause being misused to avoid seismic analysis and design.
Other Effects

Read second para, page 3 Earthquakes can cause damage in a number of ways. For instance:
Vibration of the structure: this induces inertia force on the structure
By inertia force, we mean mass times acceleration
Landslide triggered by earthquake Liquefaction of the founding strata Fire caused due to earthquake Flood caused by earthquake
Other Effects (contd)
The code generally addresses only the first aspect: the inertia force on the structure. The engineer may need to also address other effects in certain cases.
Intensity versus Magnitude
It is important that you understand the difference between Intensity and Magnitude Magnitude tells

How big was the earthquake How much energy was released by earthquake How strong was the vibration at a location Depends on magnitude, distance, and local soil and geology http://www.nicee.org/EQTips/EQTip03.pdf
Intensity tells

Read more about magnitude and intensity at:
Seismic Hazard

Last para on page 3 The criterion for seismic zones remains same as before
Zone Area liable to shaking intensity
II
III
VI (and lower)
VII
IV V
VIII IX
Shaking Intensity
Shaking intensity is commonly measured in terms of Modified Mercalli scale or MSK scale.
See Annex. D of the code for MSK Intensity Scale
Compare last para of p. 3 of new code with clause 0.7 of the old code. There is a subtle change: Modified Mercalli intensity is replaced by MSK intensity! In practical terms, both scales are same. Hence, it does not really matter.
Zone Criterion
Our zone map is based on likely intensity.
It does not address the question: how often such a shaking may take place. For example, say

Area A experiences max intensity VIII every 50 years, Area B experiences max intensity VIII every 300 years Both will be placed in zone IV, even though area A has higher seismicity
Current trend world wide is to
Specify the zones in terms of ground acceleration that has a certain probability of being exceeded in a given number of years.
Seismic Hazard
New code uses the term Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Clause 3.19 (p. 9) gives definition of MCE:

Does not tell much! More about it in next lecture
Ground Acceleration
Number of empirical relations available in literature to correlate shaking intensity with Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) Table on next slide gives some such values. Notice that the table gives
Average values of PGA; real values may be higher or lower There is considerable variation even in the average values by different empirical relations.
Table
Average horizontal peak ground acceleration as a function of earthquake intensity
Intensity (MM Scale)
Acceleration (as a fraction of g) Empirical Relations

Gutenberg and Richter, 1956 Newmann, 1954 Trifunac and Brady, 1975 Trifunac and Brady, 1977 (revised by Murphy and OBrien, 1977) Newmann, 1977 (revised by Murphy and OBrien, 1977) Murphy and OBrien, 1977
V VI VII VIII IX
0.015 0.032 0.068 0.146 0.314
0.032 0.064 0.13 0.26 0.54
0.031 0.061 0.12 0.24 0.48
0.021 0.046 0.10 0.23 0.52
0.022 0.053 0.13 0.30 0.72
0.032 0.056 0.10 0.18 0.32
Ground Acceleration (contd...)
Note that PGA is max acceleration of ground.
Because of deformation in the structure, the motion of its base and the superstructure will be different Max acceleration experienced by mass of the structure will be different from the PGA (except if the structure is rigid)
Ground Acceleration

First sentence of 5th para, page 3 ZPA stands for Zero Period Acceleration.
Implies max acceleration experienced by a structure having zero natural period (T=0).
Zero Period Acceleration
An infinitely rigid structure

Has zero natural period (T=0) Does not deform:

No relative motion between its mass and its base Mass has same acceleration as of the ground
Hence, ZPA is same as Peak Ground Acceleration
Para 5, page 3
Mention of 50 percent risk level and 100 years of service life in my opinion is misleading.
It may give a false impression that the values of Z given in the code are for 50 percent risk level and 100 years service life.
Major Changes
Items a) to k) on p. 2 of the code list some of the major changes in this edition.
Item b) page 2
Effective Peak Ground Acceleration (EPGA) is a technical term:
Will discuss it later.
Values of seismic zone factor (Z) in the code are quite empirical
Not based on any rational analysis of expected EPGA and service life.
Major Changes (contd)
Item e): Response Reduction Factor is supposed to account for

Ductile deformations Redundancy in the structure Overstrength in the structure
More on Response Reduction Factor later
Foundation and Soil Factor
In earlier editions, design seismic force depended on factor .
This factor depended on type of soil and type of foundation.
It is well recognized that the ground shaking depends on the type of soil, but not on the type of foundation. This edition of code: factor dropped. Sixth para on p. 3. Notice subtle changes from clause 0.5 of earlier code.
Passive Control of Seismic Response
Second para, p. 4: allows use of

Base isolation system, and Energy absorbing devices
The code does not provide specifications for either of these.
It is expected that the designer will use specialist literature and codes of other countries for design of structures with either of these.
This para emphasizes the need for extensive testing of devices (for base isolation or energy dissipation)
Base Isolation Systems
First application of base isolation in India
Two small one-storey public buildings in Killari village
Close to the epicentre of 1993 earthquake
Project completed in February 1999 Brief discussion on this is available in:
Innovative Earthquake Recovery in India, Lessons Learned Over Time, Learning from Earthquake Series, Vol. II, Earthquake Engg Research Institute, USA, 1999
Base Isolation Systems (contd)
Second Application in India:
Currently, 300-bed hospital at Bhuj (Gujarat) under construction on base isolation system.
Base isolation increases natural period of the structure. Higher natural period means
Lower acceleration, and hence lower inertia force, experienced by the structure For example, see Fig. 2, p. 16 of code
We will discuss this figure and the concept of spectrum later.
Therefore, base isolation is effective for shortperiod structures.
Para 3, p. 4. The range of period given in this para (say less than 0.7 sec) is only indicative. It does not mean that structures of fundamental period 0.9 sec may not be suitable candidates for base isolation.
References

List of four references on p. 4 of the code The code took a long time to be finalized and published. The references given on p.4 are obsolete: One may want to refer to more recent versions of these publications.
Uniform Building Code
Uniform Building Code was one of the three prominent building codes in the USA
UBC popular in California which is a high seismic region. UBC was the strongest in seismic provisions amongst the three Now, all three codes are merged into International Building Code (IBC)
The trend in the USA is to revise the codes every three years:
UBC1994, UBC1997, IBC2000

International Building Code
Note that the IBC is a US code even though its name implies International
Its development did not involve any real international efforts
Interestingly IBC lists prominent cities around the world with their equivalent IBC seismic zone
For instance, Delhi, Mumbai, .
NEHRP
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Programme (NEHRP) document
Prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency of USA.
It is a model code: meant to be a resource material for the codes
Hence, NEHRP document is more advanced than the code itself.
Revised every three years, e.g., NEHRP1994, NEHRP1997, NEHRP2000

NEHRP (contd...)
NEHRP code is accompanied by another parallel document: Commentary Together, the two documents (several hundred pages each!) provide excellent learning materials. Available at internet for downloading free of cost:

http://www.bssconline.org/NEHRP2000/comments/provisio ns/ http://www.bssconline.org/NEHRP2000/comments/
At the End of Lecture 1
Please feel free to
Ask questions related to this lecture and related to the sections of the code discussed herein Let me know if some parts of this lecture were not clear.

IS1893 Lecture1

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IS1893 Lecture1

Hochgeladen von

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Lecture 1

So that revisions can take place more frequently!

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Different Parts of IS:1893

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

What does IS:1893 Cover?

e.g., IS:4326, IS:13920, ...

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Applicable to all structures

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Zones O and VI dropped; only five zones

No change in map in 1975 and 1984 editions

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Zone Map (contd)

Now only four zones: II, III, IV and V.

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Zone Map (contd)

Compare carefully new and old zone maps

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Zone Map (contd)

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Zone Map (contd)

Annex E of the code correctly lists Kolkata is in zone III.

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Vibration of the structure: this induces inertia force on the structure

By inertia force, we mean mass times acceleration

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Other Effects (contd)

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Intensity versus Magnitude

Read more about magnitude and intensity at:

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

See Annex. D of the code for MSK Intensity Scale

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Our zone map is based on likely intensity.

Current trend world wide is to

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Does not tell much! More about it in next lecture

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2002

Intensity (MM Scale)