Daltons Model (1803)

He was the Professor of Physics at and director of Cavandish (physicist who discovered Hydrogen) Laboratory at Cambridge University

At high voltage (10-20 kV) and low pressure (0.0001 mm of Hg)

 There is no concept of Protons The electrons are mobile

 Professor of Physics at Victoria University in Manchestor , UK Came from Newzelend under Scholarship to Cambridge Universityand did his Phd. under J.J Thomson Characterized alpha and beta particles Got Noble prize for his work

 Marsden did the calculation for Rutherford and calculated that

R(nucleus)/R(atom) = 1/10000
Marsden was a school dropout

Rutherfords Model of Atom (1911)

Strong ve reaction to Rutherfords Model

Q 1. Why doest Nuclear collapse? Q 2. Why doest the electrol runs out of energy? Where the energy is coming from?

Neil Bohr
Completed his Phd. from Copenhegan in 1912. Got scholarship for research Spends 6 months with J.J Thompson and 3 months with Rutherford and then he purposed his atomic model

Bohr Postulates for the (Hydrogen) Atom (1913)

Rutherford atom is correct. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential electron energy quantized through its angular momentum i.e. L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3, Planck-Einstein relation applies to etransitions i.e. E = Ef Ei = h = hc/

Bohrs Model of atom: Planetary model

Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential = 1/2mv + k.(q1. q2)/r = 1/2mv - k.Ze/r.(1) Fnet = 0, mv/r + k.q1.q2/r mv/r - Ze/r...(2) mvr = n.h/2 where n=1,2,3,. .(3)

On solving these equations

1. R(n) = K1n/Z 2. E(n) = -K2Z/n 3. V(n) = K3Z/n For Hydrogen atom Z=1, n=1 (ground state) R(1)= 0.529 A E(1)= -13.6 eV V(1) = 2.18 x 10^6 m/s which is 1% of speed of light.

Prism Spectrograph A.A. ngstrm (1853)

J.J Balmer (1885)

He Studied Angstroms data and found the pattern as: Wave number (1/) = R.[ - 1/n] n= 3, 4, 5, 6 where R is constant = 1.1 x 10^7 /m

Q. Why didt Angstrom find the emission from n=2 to n=1? Ans: (2-1) = 122nm

James Frank and Hertz (1913), Berlin

They work on Gas discharge tube containing Hg vapours

For more information on this experiment go to http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/frhz.html

I.E for Hg = 10.4 eV

Q: What does it mean?

It means the energy of every electron in any atom is quantized!!

For more information on this experiment go to http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/frhz.html

Limitations of Bohrs Model

In 1887 Michalson and Morley in Cleveland they were looking at the angstroms data and noticed that the line from 3 to 2 transition is thicker.

Why is it so? Bohrs model was silent about it

 In 1896 holand, Zeeman was doin his Post doc. Under Lorentz in magnetic field. They put the gas discharge tube under a powerful magnet

This is known as line splitting Splitting is directly proportional to B Both Lorentz and Zeeman got noble prize for Their work

 In 1913, Germany, Stark put gas discharge tube in electrical field He found the same line splitting. Splitting is directly proportional to E Bohrs Model was silent on line splitting

Modifications to Bohrs Model

In 1916, Sommerfield purposed Keplers planatery model in atom

Sommerfield on his 80th birthday published a book on his research work

Caption: Circle is the degenerate form of ellipse

Stern Garlach experiment (1921)

Stern won the noble prize for his research work

For more information on this experiment go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment

Goudsmit and uhlenbeck (1925)

They purposed the idea of electron spin and give spin quantam no. (s= +1/2, -1/2)

Q: Why do they choose Silver?

Quantam numbers
Principle quantam no (n) Neils Bohr (1913) Orbital quantam no (l) Sommerfield (1916) Orientation quantam no (m) Sommerfield (1916) Spin quantam no (s) Goudsmit and uhlenbeck (1925)

Pickering 1896
He was studying the spectrum of a star light in Harvard University. He said that he found atomic hydrogen spectrum. In 1912 Fouller in London confirmed the same spectrum. Bohr look at the data and said that its not atomic hydrogen but He+ so your lines are off by a factor of 4. Fouller calculated and said that Mr. bohr the lines are actually off by a factor of 4.0016 Bohr took mass of nucleus under consideration and reduced mass= [1/(1/m1)+1/(1/m2)] and calculated that it should be off by a factor of 4.00163

Modified energy level diagrams

Aufbou Principle: the word Aufbou means construction. It tells us about the filling sequence about of electrons in different orbitals Pauli exclusion principle: Pauli was an austrian, did his Phd. under sommerfield in munikh and his Post doc. Under Neils Bohr and He won noble prize for his research work. 1. It states that any electron a uniqe set of four quantam numbers (n, l, m, s) 2. Electrons fills in orbitals from lowest to highest energy. Energy is a function of four set of quantam nos. 3. Hunds Rule: Orbitals for equivalent energy will strive for unpaired electron (spins)

Wave mechanics
Lous victor de Broglie (1924): was doing graduation in political science, left the college and did Phd. in Physics. He asked (in his thesis) if a photon which has no mass can behave as a particle does that follow that an electron which has mass can behave as a wave? He proved that electron behaves as a wave and that = h/p = h/me.v

Davission and Germer (1927)

They were studying metal crystals by X-Ray analysis. Diffraction is explained only by considering wave property

Wave particle duality is complete

Matter behaving as a wave so it was named as wave mechanics

 Warner Hiesenberg: did his phd. in Munikh and then his post doc. Under Neils Bohr. Got fad up with his work, took a leave and to a iseland in Norway. 3 weeks later he came up with the mathematical formulation of quantam mechanics Heisenbergs Uncertainty principle: The position and velocity of an electron can not be determined accurately after a certain limit. p.x>=h/2

Ervin Schrodinger

What do we learn? We learn about the Electronic structure in an atom and that it dictates the properties of atoms/elements