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Measurement Errors

Introduction to Study Skills & Research Methods (HL10040)

Dr James Betts

Lecture Outline:
Measurement Errors Continued

Types of Errors
Assessment of Error

Introduction to Inferential Statistics


Chi-Squared tests

Assessment Details.

Measurement Errors
Virtually all measurements have errors

Reliability and Measurement Error are not the same, rather Reliability infers an acceptable degree of Measurement Error.

160 140 120

Number of People

100 80 60 40 20 0 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500

SD

Energy Intake (calories per day)

Total Variance

This total variance can then be partitioned

Systematic/Random Error
% Body-fat
Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4

Skin-Fold Callipers

Hydrostatic Weighing

Assessment of Error
Body-Fat

Systematic Error

25 20 15

%
10 5 0 Condition

Descriptiv e Statistics N Hydrostat Callipers Valid N (listwise) 4 4 4 Minimum 12.00 8.00 Maximum 22.00 12.00 Mean 16.2500 10.2500 Std. Deviation 4.34933 1.70783

Assessment of Error
Random Error
Callipers
12.00 11.00

10.00

Correlations Callipers Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Callipers 1 . 4 .527 .473 4 Hydrostat .527 .473 4 1 . 4
9.00

Hydrostat

8.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00

Hydrostat

Assessment of Error Systematic &


Random Error
3 points of visual assessment:
10.00

-Systematic Error:

diffe rences

5.00

Mean = 4.63

-Random Error:

0.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

-Nature of error:

Mea n

10 .00

10 .00

d if f e re n c e s

d if f e re n c e s

5.00

5.00

Mean differen
0.00

0.00

Zero Mean difference

Zero

12 .00

13 .00

14.0 0

15.0 0

16 .00

12 .00

13 .00

14.0 0

15.0 0

16 .00

Mean

Mean

10 .00

10 .00

d if f e re n c e s

5.00

d if f e re n c e s

5.00

Mean differen

0.00

Zero Mean difference

0.00

Zero

12 .00

13 .00

14.0 0

15.0 0

16 .00

12 .00

13 .00

14.0 0

15.0 0

16 .00

Mean

Mean

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable Total Variance between trial 1 & trial 2 Extraneous/ Confounding (Error) Variables Systematic Variance

Smallest Worthwhile Effect

Re-Run

Introduction to Inferential Statistics


Before our next lecture you will be conducting some inferential statistics in your lab classes All you need to be aware of at this stage is that the P-value represents the probability that total variance is not due to primary variance

Goodness of fit 2 test


SPSS Output
Male Female Total Gender Observed N 62 88 150 Expected N 75.0 75.0 Residual -13.0 13.0

Test Statistics Chi-Squarea df Asymp. Sig. Gender 4.507 1 .034

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 75.0.

Contingency 2 test
SPSS Output
Group * Response Crosstabulation Count Response Do take Dont take supplements supplements 18 12 11 19 29 31

Group Total
Chi-Square Tests Value 3.270 b 2.403 3.301 df 1 1 1

Athletes Non-Athletes

Total 30 30 60

Pearson Chi-Square a Continuity Correction Likelihood Ratio Fisher's Exact Test Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .071 .121 .069

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

.120 3.216 60 1 .073

.060

a. Computed only for a 2x2 table b. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14. 50.

Selected Reading
I know error and variance can be confusing topics, try these:
Atkinson, G. and A. M. Nevill. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (Reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine. 26:217-238, 1998. Hopkins, W. G. et al. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sport and Exerc. 31:472-485, 1999. Hopkins, W. G. et al. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Medicine. 31:211-234, 2001. Atkinson, G., ''What is this thing called measurement error?'' , in Kinanthropometry VIII: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) , Reilly, T. and Marfell-Jones, M. (Eds.), Taylor and Francis, London , 2003.

Coursework (60% overall grade)


Your coursework will require you to address 2 of the following research scenarios:
1) Effect of Plyometric Training on Vertical Jump 2) Effect of Ice Baths on Recovery of Strength 3) Effect of Diet on the Incidence of Muscle Injury 4) Effect of Footwear on Sprint Acceleration 5) Effect of PMR on Competitive Anxiety.

Coursework Outline
For each of the 2 scenarios you will need to:
Perform a literature search in order to provide a comprehensive introduction to the research area Identify the variables of interest and evaluate the research design which was adopted Formulate and state appropriate hypotheses Summarise descriptive statistics in an appropriate and well presented manner

Coursework Outline
Contd
Select the most appropriate statistical test with justification for your decision Transfer the output of your inferential statistics into your word document Interpret your results and discuss the validity and reliability of the study Draw a meaningful conclusion (state whether hypotheses are accepted or rejected).

Coursework Details (see unit outline)


2000 words maximum (i.e. 1000 for each) Any supporting SPSS data/outputs to be appended To be submitted on Tuesday 14th December Assessment Weighting Evaluation & Analysis (30 %) Reading & Research (20 %) Communication & Presentation (20 %) Knowledge (30 %)

Coursework Details
All information relating to your coursework (including the relevant data files) are accessible via the unit web page:
www.bath.ac.uk/~jb335/Y1%20Research%20Skills%20(FH10040). html

Web address also referenced on shared area

Mid-Term Test (40% overall grade)


NEXT WEEK This test will involve short answer questions covering all the information covered so far Mostly knowledge recall but will require understanding and possibly some calculations Duration = 50 min

So

Mid-Term Test (40% overall grade)


Surnames: A-F Arrive promptly at 08.10 am for start of test at 08.15 am Exit in silence afterwards Surnames: G-Z Arrive promptly at 09.10 am for start of test at 09.15 am Exit however you like!

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