Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr James Betts
Lecture Outline:
Measurement Errors Continued
Types of Errors
Assessment of Error
Assessment Details.
Measurement Errors
Virtually all measurements have errors
Reliability and Measurement Error are not the same, rather Reliability infers an acceptable degree of Measurement Error.
Number of People
SD
Total Variance
Systematic/Random Error
% Body-fat
Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4
Skin-Fold Callipers
Hydrostatic Weighing
Assessment of Error
Body-Fat
Systematic Error
25 20 15
%
10 5 0 Condition
Descriptiv e Statistics N Hydrostat Callipers Valid N (listwise) 4 4 4 Minimum 12.00 8.00 Maximum 22.00 12.00 Mean 16.2500 10.2500 Std. Deviation 4.34933 1.70783
Assessment of Error
Random Error
Callipers
12.00 11.00
10.00
Correlations Callipers Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Callipers 1 . 4 .527 .473 4 Hydrostat .527 .473 4 1 . 4
9.00
Hydrostat
Hydrostat
-Systematic Error:
diffe rences
5.00
Mean = 4.63
-Random Error:
0.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
-Nature of error:
Mea n
10 .00
10 .00
d if f e re n c e s
d if f e re n c e s
5.00
5.00
Mean differen
0.00
0.00
Zero
12 .00
13 .00
14.0 0
15.0 0
16 .00
12 .00
13 .00
14.0 0
15.0 0
16 .00
Mean
Mean
10 .00
10 .00
d if f e re n c e s
5.00
d if f e re n c e s
5.00
Mean differen
0.00
0.00
Zero
12 .00
13 .00
14.0 0
15.0 0
16 .00
12 .00
13 .00
14.0 0
15.0 0
16 .00
Mean
Mean
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable Total Variance between trial 1 & trial 2 Extraneous/ Confounding (Error) Variables Systematic Variance
Re-Run
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 75.0.
Contingency 2 test
SPSS Output
Group * Response Crosstabulation Count Response Do take Dont take supplements supplements 18 12 11 19 29 31
Group Total
Chi-Square Tests Value 3.270 b 2.403 3.301 df 1 1 1
Athletes Non-Athletes
Total 30 30 60
Pearson Chi-Square a Continuity Correction Likelihood Ratio Fisher's Exact Test Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases
.060
a. Computed only for a 2x2 table b. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14. 50.
Selected Reading
I know error and variance can be confusing topics, try these:
Atkinson, G. and A. M. Nevill. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (Reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine. 26:217-238, 1998. Hopkins, W. G. et al. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sport and Exerc. 31:472-485, 1999. Hopkins, W. G. et al. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Medicine. 31:211-234, 2001. Atkinson, G., ''What is this thing called measurement error?'' , in Kinanthropometry VIII: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) , Reilly, T. and Marfell-Jones, M. (Eds.), Taylor and Francis, London , 2003.
Coursework Outline
For each of the 2 scenarios you will need to:
Perform a literature search in order to provide a comprehensive introduction to the research area Identify the variables of interest and evaluate the research design which was adopted Formulate and state appropriate hypotheses Summarise descriptive statistics in an appropriate and well presented manner
Coursework Outline
Contd
Select the most appropriate statistical test with justification for your decision Transfer the output of your inferential statistics into your word document Interpret your results and discuss the validity and reliability of the study Draw a meaningful conclusion (state whether hypotheses are accepted or rejected).
Coursework Details
All information relating to your coursework (including the relevant data files) are accessible via the unit web page:
www.bath.ac.uk/~jb335/Y1%20Research%20Skills%20(FH10040). html
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