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Atherosclerosis Prevention

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Atherosclerosis

A disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall
(Boudi, 2011)

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Risks Factor

Kumar, et al., 2007

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Signs and Symptoms

Clinical aspect Physical aspect

Vascular narrowing Thrombus Angina pectoris Stroke Peripheral vascular disease Mesenteric angina

Hyperlipidemia Lipid deposition Vascular stiffness Specific organ ischemia or infark Cerebrovascular disease Coronary artery disease Peripheral vascular disease
Olford, 2005

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Pathogenesis
response to injury hypothesis Accumulation of lipoproteins

Chronic endothelial injury

A responseto-injury hypothesis

Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium

SMC proliferation & ECM production, Lipid accumulation

Platelet adhesion, Factor release

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Pathogenesis
Evolution of arterial wall changes in the response to injury hypothesis

Kumar, et al., 2007

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Pathogenesis
Hypothetical sequence of cellular interactions in atherosclerosis

Kumar, et al., 2007

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Pathogenesis

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Prevention
Tertiary prevention prevent recurrence of events such as myocardial infarction or stroke in symptomatic patients

Secondary prevention Early detection of atherosclerosis

Primary prevention delaying atheroma formation or encouraging regression of established lesions in persons who have not yet suffered a serious complication

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Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet and dietary supplements

Patients should be counseled to adopt positive changes, including a low-cholesterol diet Total cholesterol intake should be kept to 200 mg/day Niacin Vitamin C

Exercise
prevents and helps treat many atherosclerotic risk factors, including elevated BP, insulin resistance & glucose intolerance, elevated triglyceride concentrations, low HDL-C concentrations, and obesity

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Soy consumption
Reduce the size of serum cholesterol concentration

Nagarajan, 2006

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Screening methods of atherosclerosis

1 2

hsCRP Lp-PLA2

Lipoprotein A

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Conclusion
Atherosclerosis can be prevented by primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention programs aimed at either delaying atheroma formation or encouraging regression of established lesions in persons who have not yet suffered a serious complication of atherosclerosis. Secondary prevention is used to detect atherosclerosis as early as possible. Tertiary prevention programs intended to prevent recurrence of events such as myocardial infarction or stroke in symptomatic patients

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