NERVOUS SYSTEM

RAY RISNER C. OBENZA, MD, FPSGS, FPCS

NERVOUS SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS 1. CONTROL 2. COMMUNICATION

3. COORDINATION

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Types of Cells:
1. NEURON - structural & functional unit Parts: Cell Body ; Dendrites ; Axon

MYELIN SHEATH - lipid protein complex covering axons increases velocity of impulse conduction SYNAPSE - neuronal connections

NERVOUS SYSTEM Types of Cells:

2. NEUROGLIA - 5x more abundant than neurons - non-neuronal & non-excitable Functions: Support Insulation Nutrition

Types: CNS - Oligodendroglia, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia PNS - Satellite Cells, Neurolemma (Schwann Cells)

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I. ANATOMICAL DIVISIONS
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Components: a) Nucleus - collection of nerve cell bodies b) Tract - bundle of nerve fibers (axons) Layers: a) Gray Matter - made up of nerve cell bodies b) White Matter - made up of connecting fiber tract system

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Parts: Brain & Spinal Cord

Coverings: (Meninges) 1. PIA MATER 2. ARACHNOID MATER 3. DURA MATER CEREBROSPINAL FLUID - innermost covering - most vascular - outermost & thickest covering

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A. BRAIN
- 75% water, gelatin-like consistency - supported & protected by bony cranium - suspended in CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) Parts: 1. CEREBRUM 2. CEREBELLUM
3. BRAINSTEM Medulla Oblongata, Pons & Midbrain

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

B. SPINAL CORD
- about 45 cms (18 ins) from foramen magnum to L1 - supported & protected by the vertebral column - suspended in CSF Parts: 1. Conus Terminalis (Medullaris) 2. Filum Terminale 3. Cauda Equina

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2.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Parts: Cranial & Spinal Nerves Components of a Peripheral Nerve Fiber:
1. Axon 2. Neurolemmal Sheath 3. Endoneurial Connective Tissue Sheath

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Types of Nerve Fibers 1. Myelinated Nerve Fibers
- continuous series of Schwann Cells

2. Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

- enclosed as a group by neurolemmal sheath - cutaneous nerve

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Connective Tissue Coverings:

1. ENDONEURIUM
- delicate sheath around neurolemmal cells & axon

2. PERINEURIUM
- encloses a bundle of nerve fibers (Fascicle)

3. EPINEURIUM
- thick loose connective tissue that encloses nerve bundles - outermost covering of a peripheral nerve

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. CRANIAL NERVES (12 Pairs)
I - Olfactory II - Optic III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - VestibuloCochlear IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Spinal Accessory XII - Hypoglossal

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. SPINAL NERVES (31 Pairs)
Cervical = 8 pairs Thoracic = 12 pairs Lumbar = 5 pairs Sacral = 5 pairs Coccygeal = 1 pair

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3. GANGLIA 4. PLEXUSES A. Upper Limb Cervical & Brachial Plexus B. Lower Limb - Lumbar & Sacral Plexus

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

General Structure of a Spinal Nerve

Anterior Root = Efferent Fibers (Motor) Posterior Root = Afferent Fibers (Sensory) Anterior Ramus = Muscles & Skin of Anterolateral wall & extremities Posterior Ramus = Muscles & Skin of Posterior wall Meningeal Branch = supply vertebra & spinal cord

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Functional Divisions: 1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (VOLUNTARY) a. General Somatic Afferent Division (Sensory) b. General Somatic Efferent Division (Motor) ** found both in CNS & PNS ** innervates all parts of the body (motor & sensory) EXCEPT visceral organs smooth muscles glands

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2. VISCERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (Involuntary) 2.a. General Visceral Afferent Division (Sensory)
- provides info on bodys internal environment - transmits visceral pain (hunger, spasms, ischemia, distension & chemical irritations)

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2.b. General Visceral Efferent Division (Motor) (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM) - innervates smooth muscles, cardiac muscle & glands - regulates visceral functions - uses both Norepinephrine & Acetylcholine as neurotransmitters

NERVOUS SYSTEM Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (Excitatory) 2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (Inhibitory)

NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (Excitatory) Function: prepares the body for emergencies - increases the heart rate - vasoconstriction - elevates the blood pressure 1.a. Efferent Fibers a) Terminate in Ganglia - smooth muscles of bld vessel walls - sweat glands - arrector pili muscles of skin b) Splanchnic Nerves - smooth muscles & glands of the viscera

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ANS Sympathetic Division

1.a. Efferent Fibers a) Terminate in Ganglia - smooth muscles of bld vessel walls - sweat glands - arrector pili muscles of skin b) Splanchnic Nerves - smooth muscles & glands of the viscera

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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Distribution

3 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 pelvis

1.b. Afferent Fibers

- form the afferent component of a local reflex arc

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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. Parasympathetic Division (Inhibitory) Function: anabolic / hemostatic (energy conserving) - slows the heart rate - increases peristalsis of the intestines - increases glandular secretions - relaxes body sphincters

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ANS - Parasympathetic Division

2.a. Efferent Fibers Preganglionic both Cranial & Sacral Segments Cranial Segment Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular Otic Ganglia Sacral Segment Pelvic Plexus 2.b. Afferent Fibers - activated by sensations of stretch & ischemia - travel alongside the somatic afferent fibers

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Components of a Typical Spinal Nerve

A. SOMATIC FIBERS GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT (Sensory) - extroceptive sensation (pain, temp, touch & pressure) - propioceptive sensation (joint position, tension on tendon & muscles)
GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT (Motor) - skeletal muscles (voluntary)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

B. VISCERAL FIBERS GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT (Sensory) - reflex/pain sensation from mucus membranes, glands & blood vessels

GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (Motor) - smooth muscles & glandular tissues

Thank you

!!!