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Glycolysis II
OH
H O H H H OH OH
Inherited Diseases: ATP 2+ Hexokinase Kinase (Step Highly negative G 3. Requires Mg Deficiency of Phosphoglycerate 7) (HK) ADP Deficiency of Pyruvate Kinase (Step 10) 2H OPO3 Inability of exercise due to muscle pains
H O HO HO H H H OH OH
D-Glucose
Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P)
Arsenate Poisoning
Arsenate (AsO43-) is structural analog of inorganic phosphate Pi (HPO42-) Competes with phosphate for binding site in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Step 6) Very unstable!
Question: What is the net outcome per molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 ATP consumed; 4 ATP produced; 2 pyruvate produced 4 ATP consumed; 2 ATP produced; 2 pyruvate produced 2 ATP consumed; 4 ATP produced; 1 pyruvate produced 4 ATP consumed; 2 ATP produced; 1 pyruvate produced
Question: Why is the PFK-1 step of glycolysis called the first committed step?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It is the first regulated step of the pathway. It is the only metabolically irreversible step. It is the first step through which all hexoses entering the pathway must pass. It is the step bridging the hexose and triose phases. It is the first step to produce ATP.
3.
4. 5.
More Questions:
1. What are the three irreversible steps of glycolysis?
2. The product of aldolase is dihdroxyacetone phosphate and ______. Give name and chemical structure.
Fate of Pyruvate,
Animals, Plants & many Microbes under aerobic conditions (see later)
Citric Acid Cycle
CO2 H2O
Precursor in Gluconeogenesis
Anaerobic: Fermentation to Lactate in exercising muscles, red blood cells and lactic acid bacteria
Fermentation
In the absence of aerobic respiration
(=membrane-associated electron transport system, see later)
Fermentation regenerates NAD+ (Oxidizes NADH to NAD+) If NAD+ would not be regenerated glycolysis would stop!
~
~ ~ 3-phosphoglycerate
Step 8: A chemical
2-phosphoglycerate
H2O Phosphoenolpyruvate ~ ~ ~ Pyruvate rearrangement occurs.
Hangover
Auto-Brewery Syndrome
Consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods (sugar) the patient appears drunk Ethanol production in the gut by yeast
Alligator:
Quick burst of energy by lactic acid fermentation Generate ATP in the muscle quickly without O2
Needs long recovery to clear excess lactate (source of sourness after exercise)
Summary
Under anaerobic conditions: Pyruvate Ethanol & CO2 or Pyruvate Lactate Both processes regenerate NAD+ from NADH.