AP Phys B

Test Review

Momentum and Energy

4/28/2008
Overview
 Momentum

• Center of Mass
• Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• Conservation of Momentum
 Energy

• Work-Energy Theorem
• Conservation of Energy
• Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
Momentum
 Momentum  
• Momentum is defined as: p = m v
• The rate of change of momentum of an object is equal
to the net force applied to the object.

 ∆p
ΣF =
∆t
Conservation of Momentum
 Conservationof momentum states that:
the total momentum of an isolated
system of objects remains constant.
• Isolated system: no outside forces acting on
the system
• Tip: Break the momentum of each
component up into horizontal and vertical
components: these are independent of one
another!
Collisions and Impulse
 Impulse-momentum theorem defines impulse and says
that the impulse on a system will be equal to the
change in its momentum.
 
F∆t = ∆p
Center of Mass
 The center-of-mass of a collection of particles
if given by the following equation:
1
xCM = Σm ixi
M
• The total linear momentum of a system of particles is
equal to the total mass M of the system multiplied by
the velocity of the center of mass of the system.
• Extended systems use this formulation for Newton’s
Laws too.
Work and Energy
 Work is merely a force applied on an object
over a certain distance.
W = F d cosθ
 Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.
1
T = m v2
2
 Potential Energy is the ability of an object to
start/stop motion.
1 2
• Gravity: U = m gh Elastic U = kx
2
Work-Energy Theorem
 This principle states that the work done on an
object is equal to the change in kinetic energy
of an object

W = ∆T
Conservation of Energy
 Conservative vs. Non-conservative
Forces
• Friction
 Conservation of Energy: The total energy
of an isolated system cannot change.
• Shift between potential and kinetic energy.
Power
 Power is defined as energy over a given time
period.
Collisions
 Elastic Collisions
• “Rubber” – things bounce off.
• Both energy and momentum are conserved.
 Inelastic Collisions
• “Gluey” – things stick together
• Only momentum is conserved!
Rotational Mechanics
 Radians

 Angular displacement, velocity,

acceleration
 Moment of Inertia

 Torque

 Angular Momentum
Simple Harmonic Motion
 Period and Frequency
 Oscillatory Motion
• Springs, Pendulums
• Conservation of Energy
• Position as a function of time
x (t ) = A c o s (ω t )